• Investigating Of Proper Photovoltaic Panel Tilt Angle to Be Used As Shading Device in Kuwait
  Hussain Bunyan, Wesam Ali
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Photovoltaic panels can act as power generator as well as external shading devices with proper tilt angle. In this paper we will study the performance of a Silicon Photovoltaic system with different tilt angle arrangement in Kuwait (latitude 30˚ N). In the study the PV system is installed facing south to collectmaximum solar radiation at noon. The angle is varied from 00 to 900, during full year at the Solstice (the time at which the day and night come into balance) and Equinox (the end of the day's increase or decrease in day night hours) periods, to achieve optimum tilt angle, higher in magnitude than 300 with competitive output power. The results show that the performance and the output power of the PV system with 50˚ tilt angle, is equivalent to the corresponding values at tilt angle equal to Kuwait latitude (30˚) during the whole year.
Keywords: Photovoltaic model, Tilt angle, solar collector, PV system performance, shading, Kuwait.

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Hussain Bunyan, Wesam Ali, "Investigating Of Proper Photovoltaic Panel Tilt Angle to Be Used As Shading Device inKuwait" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Multiband Microstrip Antenna for Wi-MAX Application-A study
  Piyush Paneliya, Sandip Khakhriya, S.Sreenath Kashyap
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The wireless revolution is transforming the existing global telecommunications networks into an integrated system providing a broad class of communication services to customers anywhere, anytime in motion or fixed. An antenna is an important device in wireless communication system as its performance will have direct effect on the total system. The continuous shrinking of size of the electronic systems demands small size of antenna elements which can cater the need of multiband operation in order to fit properly in wireless devices without compromising the radiation properties of the antenna. This paper presents a review of the research work done by various authors on the topic multiband microstrip antenna for Wi-MAX application in the recent past.
Keywords: Wi-MAX, multiband microstrip antenna

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Piyush Paneliya, Sandip Khakhriya, S.Sreenath Kashyap, "Multiband Microstrip Antenna for Wi-MAX Application-A study" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Design and Dynamic Modeling in MATLAB
  S.V.T.Abirami, G.Samuel Muthuraj
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The alternatives to combustion engines in future will be fuel cells. The dynamic behavior of fuel cells for changing load conditions show poor voltage regulation. For improving the voltage regulation of PEM fuel cell, efficient control system should be designed. If the dynamic behavior of the fuel cell is known, the cost in designing the control system is greatly reduced .The behavior of the fuel cell for various load conditions and for changing pressure and temperature can be found by dynamically modeling the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

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S.V.T.Abirami, G.Samuel Muthuraj, "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Design and Dynamic Modeling in MATLAB" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Modeling and Fluid Flow Analysis of Wavy Fin Based Automotive Radiator
  Vishwa Deepak Dwivedi, Ranjeet Rai
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

In continuous technological development, an automotive industry has increased the demand for high efficiency engines. A high efficiency engines in not only based on its performance but also for better fuel economy and less emission rate. Radiator is one of the important parts of the internal combustion engine cooling system. The manufacturing cost of the radiator is 20 percent of the whole cost of the engine. So improving the performance and reducing cost of radiators are necessary research. For higher cooling capacity of radiator, addition of fins is one of the approaches to increase the cooling rate of the radiator. In addition, heat transfer fluids at air and fluid side such as water and ethylene glycol exhibit very low thermal conductivity. As a result there is a need for new and innovative heat transfer fluids, known as "Nano fluid" for improving heat transfer rate in an automotive radiator. Recently there have been considerable research findings highlighting superior heat transfer performances of nanofluids about 15-25% of heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by using types of nanofluids. With these specific characteristics, the size and weight of an automotive car radiator can be reduced without affecting its heat transfer performance. An automotive radiator (Wavy fin type) model is modeled on modeling software CATIA V5 and performance evaluation is done on pre-processing software ANSYS 14.0. The temperature and velocity distribution of coolant and air are analyzed by using Computational fluid dynamics environment software CFX. Results have shown that the rate of heat transfer is better when nano fluid (Si C + water) is used as coolant, than the conventional coolant.
Key words: Automotive radiator, Nanofluid, Wavy fin and circular tube geometry, performance parameters.

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Vishwa Deepak Dwivedi, Ranjeet Rai, "Modeling and Fluid Flow Analysis of Wavy Fin Based Automotive Radiator" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• GSM BASED TELEALERT SYSTEM
  Prerana G. Patil, S. D. Sawant
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Telemedicine is widely considered to be part of the inevitable future of the modern practice of medicine. It is gaining more and more momentum as a new approach for patient's surveillance outside of hospitals (at home). Nowadays people are more aware of the health conditions. Homecare is the provision of health care services to patients in their own home. One of the main purposes of homecare telemedicine is to develop a wireless, low-cost and use-friendly system. This proposed system tests the health conditions of an individual by measuring his/her blood pressures, heart rate and temperature using Blood pressure monitor device, Heart beat sensor, Temperature sensor respectively. Monitoring health parameters get display on LCD, and if these monitoring parameters enter in critical section then these parameters send through an alert SMS. SMS can be transmitted using the GSM technology to the doctor and advises can be sought for saving the life of the patient.
Keywords: GSM, ARM, LCD, BP monitoring device, heart beat sensor, temperature sensor.

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Prerana G. Patil, S. D. Sawant, "GSM BASED TELEALERT SYSTEM" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A review paper on Optimization of process parameter of EDM for air hardening tool steel
  Tarun Modi, Shaileshbhai sanawada, Jignesh Patel
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

EDM is now more economical non convectional machining process. It is used widely used on small scale as well major industries. EDM process is affect by so many process parameter which are electrical and non electrical. In this project work the rotating tool is used to improve the Metal removal rate (MRR) and to observe its effect on surface finish. I am using Taguchi's method as a design of experiments and response surface methodology for analysis and optimization. The machining parameters selected as a variables are pulse off time, pulse on time, servo voltage. The output measurement include MRR and surface roughness.
Index Terms— MMR, EDM, Process Parameter.

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Tarun Modi, Shaileshbhai sanawada, Jignesh Patel, "A review paper on Optimization of process parameter of EDM for air hardening tool steel" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Probability Measurement of Setup And Hold Time With Statistical Static Timing Analysis
  Shanigarapu Nareshkumar
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) plays a key role in determining performance of the VLSI circuits implemented in state-of-the-art CMOS technology. A pre-requisite for employing SSTA is the characterization of the setup and hold times of the latches and flip-flops in the cell library. This paper presents a methodology to exploit the statistical codependence of the setupand hold times. The approach comprises of three steps. In the first step, probability mass function (pmf) of codependent setup and hold time (CSHT) contours are approximated with piecewise linear curves by considering the probability density functions of sources of variability. In the second step, Pmf of the required setup and hold times for each flip-flop in the design are computed. Finally, these Pmf values are used to compute the probability of individual flip-flops in the design passing the timing constraints and to report the overall pass probability of the flip-flops in the design as a histogram. We applied the proposed method to true single phase clocking flip-flops to generate the piecewise linear curves for CSHT. The characterized flip-flops were instantiated in an example design, on which timing verification was successfully performed.

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Shanigarapu Nareshkumar, "Probability Measurement of Setup And Hold Time With Statistical Static Timing Analysis" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• The Inherent Reactor Kinetics for Transformation of Geniposidic Acid from Geniposide in a Microreactor
  Chiu-Lan Hsieh, Wang-Chi Hsieh, Ping-Xiao Lin, Robert Y. Peng
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) (GJ) are widely used in chemical, food and medicinal industries. Crocin and geniposide, the main constituents of GJ, have shown a diversity of biological activities including sedative, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. We propose some new bioactive chemicals could be derived from geniposide. The optimum transformation condition of geniposide into geniposidic acid still remains unclear. In order to develop a reactor, the information about the inherent reaction kinetics is required. In a microreactor (V =62.8 mL), geniposide (0.01 mole/L, 20 mL) and NaOH (0.1 equivalent/L, pH=13, 10mL) were left to react at 80, 70, 60, 50, and 40 oC and tracked with HPLC. Results indicated that the reaction obeyed the pseudo-first order kinetics, the corresponding pseudo-first order rate constants ( ₁k ' ) were 11.064 h-1, 8.682 h^-1, 2.400 h^-1, 1.021 h^-1, and 0.750 h^-1, and the fractional conversions were 73.4%, 60.5%, 38.6%, 43.6%, and 51.8% at 0.50, 0.50, 0.833, 1.00, and 2.00 h. The energy of activation was 8.751 kJ mol^-1. Conclusively, this transformation obeys the pseudo-first order kinetics with a low energy of activation, 8.751 kJ mol^-1. The optimum transformations at 80oC and 70oC for 0.5 h were 73.4% and 60.5%, respectively.
Keywords: Fructus Gardeniae, geniposide, geniposidic acid, inherent reaction kinetics, microreactor.

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Chiu-Lan Hsieh, Wang-Chi Hsieh, Ping-Xiao Lin, Robert Y. Peng, "The Inherent Reactor Kinetics for Transformation of Geniposidic Acid from Geniposide in a Microreactor" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Determination Of Iron, Cobalt, Chromium And Copper Metals In Commercially Available Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) In Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  Ali Mohammed Yimer, Dr.Masood Akhtar Khan
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Khat (Catha sedulous foresk) is a plant that grows in a certain area of east Africa and Arab peninsula. A large number of peoples in Ethiopia chew chat leaves because of its pleasurable and stimulating effects. In the present study the levels of selected trace metals (Cu, Co, Cr and Fe) in two different kinds of Khat sampled from different khat shops in Arba Minch were analyzed. The discern weights of oven dried khat samples were digested by wet digestion using 3ml of HNO₃, 1ml of HClO₄ and 1ml of H₂O2 by setting the temperature first to 60oc for 30 min and then increased to 210oc for the next 2h and 30 min. The content of minerals in the digests was analyzed using flame atomic spectrometry. The concentration of the trace metals in dry weight (μg/g) were obtained in the khat samples Co 5μg/g, Cu 4μg/g, Fe 2.9μg/g and Cr 3μg/g. Among the metal content analyzed Co was the most abundant one followed by Cu and Cr whereas Fe was less abundant metal in khat sample that grown in Arba Minch area.
Key words: flame atomic spectrometry, khat (sedulous foresk) and wet digestion method.

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Ali Mohammed Yimer, Dr.Masood Akhtar Khan, "Determination Of Iron, Cobalt, Chromium And Copper Metals In Commercially Available Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) In Arba Minch, Ethiopia" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com


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• Design and analysis of Stress on Thick Walled Cylinder with and with out Holes
  G.Raju, K. Hari Babu, N.Siva nagaraju, K.Kiran chan
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The conventional elastic analysis of thick walled cylinders to final radial & hoop stresses is applicable for the internal pressures up to yield strength of material. The stress is directly proportional to strain up to yield point Beyond elastic point, particularly in thick walled cylinders. The operating pressures are reduced or the material properties are strengthened. There is no such existing theory for the stress distributions around radial holes under impact of varying internal pressure. Present work puts thrust on this area and relation between pressure and stress distribution is plotted graphically based on observations. Here focus is on pure mechanical analysis & hence thermal, effects are not considered. The thick walled cylinders with a radial cross-hole ANSYS Macro program employed to evaluate the fatigue life of vessel. Stresses that remain in material even after removing applied loads are known as residual stresses. These stresses occur only when material begins to yield plastically. Residual stresses can be present in any mechanical structure because of many causes. Residual stresses may be due to the technological process used to make the component. Manufacturing processes lead to plastic deformation. Elasto plastic analysis with bilinear kinematic hardening material is performed to know the effect of hole sizes. It is observed that there are several factors which influence stress intensity factors. The Finite element analysis is conducted using commercial solvers ANSYS & CATIA. Theoretical formulae based results are obtained from MATLAB programs. The results are presented in form of graphs and tables.
Key words: Pressure, Stress, Strain, Analysis.

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G.Raju, K. Hari Babu, N.Siva nagaraju, K.Kiran chan, "Design and analysis of Stress on Thick Walled Cylinder with and with out Holes" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Extent, Characterization and Causes of Soil Salinity in Central and Southern Iraq and Possible Reclamation Strategies
  Asad Sarwar Qureshi and Adnan A. Al-Falahi
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Poor irrigation practices and lack of drainage facilities have contributed to rising groundwater tables leading to soil salinization in the irrigated areas of central and southern Iraq. Salinity problems has robbed the production potential of the 70% of the total irrigated area of Iraq with up to 30% gone completely out of production. This situation has threatened the sustainability of irrigated agriculture which produces more than 70% of the total cereal production in Iraq. Most of the reclamation efforts in the past have focussed on the installation of surface drainage systems. Other management approaches such as excessive leaching, crop-based management and chemical amendments have also been used on a limited scale to enhance productivity of these soils. However success has been limited and the problems of salinity kept on increasing. Therefore there is an urgent need to develop a national strategy for the rehabilitation of these soils. This strategy should include establishment of an effective monitoring network to record spatial and temporal changes in the soil salinity and water quality. Rehabilitation of existing drainage systems and installation of new drainage systems in the needed areas should be given priority. Involvement of communities in the planning of such projects is necessary for sustainable and effective operation and maintenance of these projects.
Keywords: soil salinity, drainage systems, groundwater table, Iraq, irrigation management

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Asad Sarwar Qureshi and Adnan A. Al-Falahi, "Extent, Characterization and Causes of Soil Salinity in Central and Southern Iraq and Possible Reclamation Strategies" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Construction Time Analysis For Different Steps In Drill-And-Blast Method Of Hydro Power Tunnel Excavation
  Erion Periku, Algest Aga
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

One of the most important factors influencing the decision whether and how a tunnel is to be built are the estimated time and costs of construction. This study is based on construction time analysis for different steps in drill-and-blast method of hydro power tunnel excavation in working phase of 6.256,00 meters of tunnels which have different diameters varying from 4,20 to 7,60. There are made 737 field measurements and it is seen that many of the machinery and workmanship productions rates per unit time are significantly lower, varying from 35% to 50%, of that defined in their technical specifications, measurements indicate that highest performance is reached in 7,60m diameter tunnel excavation. It is believed that these data will be helpful for planning and management process of tunnel construction projects, especially those planned to be built in Albania where labor market carries similar features.
Keywords: Albania, drill and blast, construction time, tunnel excavation

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Erion Periku, Algest Aga, "Construction Time Analysis For Different Steps In Drill-And-Blast Method Of Hydro Power Tunnel Excavation" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• E-Commerce in Developing Countries: A Case Study on the Factors Affecting E-commerce Adoption in Libyan Companies
  Mohamed Othman El-fitouri
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The rapid development and increasing spread of e-commerce technology utilization have led to inspiring more Libyan companies to inaugurate web sites on the internet, in order to make much benefit from the services render thereon, to increase the mutual exchanges between these companies and other states, in such a manner as to save time and cost and stock as well as to create a competitive advantage. However, there are some obstacles which impede making benefit from the advantages and opportunities the e-commerce attempts to make.The paper aimed to determine the most important obstacles that are facing the implementation of commerce, that is to say, technological, Legal, human and organizational obstacles in the Libyan companies. This is on one hand, however, the paper aimed, on the other, to know whether there is a correlation that is statistically significant between such obstacles as to affect the implementation of e-commerce and the level of utilization of the same by industrial and commercial companies in Libya.Findings have shown, on the whole, that there is a high positive correlation of statistical significance at (α = 0.01) and (α =0.05) levels between the obstacles which affect commerce and the level of e-commerce utilization, this is pursuant to the points of view of the managers of the companies in question.The paper has reached a number of findings which have shown the fact that there are many obstacles which may impede the growth of commerce in Libya. This is in addition to other significant findings the paper has reached. However, the paper has suggested a number of recommendations to help develop e-commerce in Libya.This paper also contributes substantially to enrich the applied research studies on commerce and its applied activities and provides in details the related debate on the similarities and proposals for future studies.
Keywords: E- commerce, marketing, internet, obstacles, Libya, implementation

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Mohamed Othman El-fitouri, "E-Commerce in Developing Countries: A Case Study on the Factors Affecting E-commerce Adoption in Libyan Companies" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A Comparison Analysis of Unipolar and Bipolar Switching modulated Cascade H-Bridge Multi Level Inverters
  Manikanth Addala, KRK Pandu, V.Satyanarayna
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper discusses controlling of cascaded H-bridge multi inverter with sinusoidal modulation based PWM methods. Multi-level inverters are used to reduce the THD in the output wave form without reduction in power output of inverter. Increase in voltage level in the output voltage of an inverter increases numbers of components to be used in inverter configuration. This in turn increases the switching loss. But results in good harmonic distortion and provide better quality fundamental wave. Carrier based PWM schemes are used for control of switching operation of multi-level inverters. Many kinds of PWM schemes are available to control inverter switches. In this paper uniploar carrier based PWM, bipolar carrier based PWM schemes are considered for generation of carrier signals. The carrier signals thus generated are compared with sinusoidal and third harmonic based sinusoidal modulating signals for production of switching Pulses. Switching schemes are designed for a 3 Phase 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 Level inverters. The proposed switching schemes are applied to Cascaded H-Bridge Multi Level inverters. The circuit is simulated with MATLAB Simulink environment for verification of total harmonic distortion.
Keywords: Bipolar carrier signals, Cascaded H-bridge multi-level inverter, MATLAB Simulink, sinusoidal pulse width modulation, third harmonic based sinusoidal pulse width modulation, unipolar carrier signals.

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Manikanth Addala, KRK Pandu, V.Satyanarayna, "A Comparison Analysis of Unipolar and Bipolar Switching modulated Cascade H-Bridge Multi Level Inverters" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• The Investigation Of Utilizing Rapeseed Flowers Oil As A Reliable Feedstock To Produce Biofuel And To Be Applied In Iraqi Kurdistan Region
  Ribwar K. Abdulrahman, Hayman K. Mustafa And Brosk F. Ali
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The world demand for energy in recent decade has been dramatic. Indeed, several hydrocarbons reservoirs are depleted around the world. Moreover, the using of fossil fuels for example, natural gas and coal is emitted high quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to the environment that contributed in global worming phenomenon. Hence, many researchers and energy companies are attended and investigated to find out a new and reliable renewable energy source for example, biogas and biodiesel. Indeed, biodiesel can consider a reliable fuel due to many advantages for instance, reduce the global worming phenomenon, reduces carbon dioxide emissions and sustainable energy source. In fact, biodiesel can be produced from several resources for example, vegetable oil and animal fats. Rapeseed oil may consider a quite reliable and cheap source to produce biodiesel. Indeed, it has been observed that during the spring session in Iraqi Kurdistan region, wild rapeseed flowers are growing naturally in many cities of Iraqi Kurdistan for example, Sulaymaniyah, Ranya and Koya. The observed wild rapeseed flowers are produced considerable amounts of rape seed that can be invested to produced rapeseed oil and biodiesel. Therefore, this study is aimed to produce a reliable biodiesel from rapeseed flower oil by adopting transesterification reaction. Furthermore, this study has also applied process production parameters to find out the optimum operating conditions to produce biodiesel form the rapeseed oil for instance, amount of catalyst 1.25 % KOH and amount of methanol on biodiesel production yield about 7:1.Moreover, several laboratory tests for example, density, cloud point, pour point and cetane value have been applied for the produced biodiesel.
Keywords: Biodiesel, renewable energy, Rapeseed oil, process optimization.

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Ribwar K. Abdulrahman, Hayman K. Mustafa And Brosk F. Ali, "The Investigation Of Utilizing Rapeseed Flowers Oil As A Reliable Feedstock To Produce Biofuel And To Be Applied In Iraqi Kurdistan Region" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm Optimization
  Deepak Saini, Neeraj Saini
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
Keyword: FACTs Devices, Load Flow Study, Particle Swarm Optimization, Power System, Statcom

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Deepak Saini, Neeraj Saini, "A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm Optimization" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case of Kuwait"
  Abdelkarim J.Ibreik and Humoud A. Alqatta
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Keyword: Wind power, Wind Turbine, Renewable, Energy, Economic, Sustainable, Kuwait, Power Generation .

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Abdelkarim J.Ibreik and Humoud A. Alqatta, "The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case of Kuwait"" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Effect of Temperature on Power Output from Different Commercially available Photovoltaic Modules
  P K Dash, N C Gupta
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are rated at standard test condition (STC) i.e. at irradiance of 1000 W/m2, temperature at 25 0C and solar spectrum of Air Mass 1.5G. The actual output from the PV module in the field varies from its rated output due to change in ambient environmental conditions from the STC. The reduction in output due to temperature is determined by temperature coefficient which varies with the different types of solar module technologies. In this study, temperature coefficient of different types of commercially available solar modules is evaluated. The testing has been carried out at PV test facility of Solar Energy Centre, New Delhi. The modules are selected randomly from various manufactures. It is found that the average temperature coefficient of power for mono-crystalline, multi-crystalline and CdTe based modules are -0.446 %/°C, -0.387 %/°C and -0.172 %/°C respectively. In case of amorphous silicon module, only one sample is measured and the temperature coefficient is -0.234 %/°C. This study shows that the temperature coefficient for mono crystalline silicon module is higher than the other types of solar modules. This study provides an understanding on the variation in energy generation due to temperature correction between different cell technologies.
Keyword: Solar cell, photovoltaic module, STC, Temperature Coefficient, Power Output.

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P K Dash, N C Gupta, "Effect of Temperature on Power Output from Different Commercially available Photovoltaic Modules" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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Version-2

• The Research on Improvement of Low Temperature Stability for Diatomite Modified Asphalt Mixture with PE Particles
  HU Qiusheng, ZHOU Gang
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

In light of the lake of low temperature stability for diatomaceous which used as asphalt modifier.Stat the research with the diatomite produced at Jilin Changbai, using the way of low temperature bending test to evaluate the PE and diatomite composite modified asphalt mixture's low temperature crack resistance performance. The results showed that after the diatomite and PE composite modified asphalt mixture has the best advantage of anti-cracking performance under low-temperature environment，which is better than PE modified asphalt mixture and the matrix asphalt mixture. As a result,asphalt mixture being composite modified by diatomite and PE could significantly improve asphalt mixture's low temperature stable performance.
Keywords: Modified Asphalt Mixture；composite modified；low temperature stability ；PE; Diatomite

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HU Qiusheng, ZHOU Gang, "The Research on Improvement of Low Temperature Stability for Diatomite Modified Asphalt Mixture with PE Particles"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• An Intelligent Human Computer Communication with Real Time Hand Gesture for Medical Assistance Using MATLAB
  Rakesh S.Gaikwad, Gireesh Gautam
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper may be helpful in making the living of handicapped people easy which will be helpful for the handicapped people to drive their wheelchair through finger operation. It is an opportunity to be a handicapped as independent. System comprises of integration of finger operation using digital image processing and embedded technology .According to the World Health Organization (WHO), between the 7 and 10% of the population worldwide suffer from some physical disability. In Latin-America the physically disabled are estimated in 55 million people, which represent the 9% of its total population. This census indicates that the most common disability is motor, followed by blindness, deafness, intellectual and language. All alone, the motor-disabled achieve 20 million in Latin-America and there is an anticipated continued growth due to increasing aging, longevity and accident related injuries. Wheelchairs make up a significant portion of the mobility assistive devices in use for those. Since the 1930s, the design concept of a wheelchair has been the same: a main frame, two large rear wheels and two small front wheels called casters. This basic design has been used to develop many of today' wheelchairs by applying slight design modifications to produce lighter, more durable and more comfortable wheelchairs for people who use them on a daily basis. Finally it means that is affordable and beneficial by the people.
Keywords: Digital Image Processing, Embedded Technology, Hand gesture operated Wheelchair

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Rakesh S.Gaikwad, Gireesh Gautam, "An Intelligent Human Computer Communication with Real Time Hand Gesture for Medical Assistance Using MATLAB"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Diagnosis Chest Diseases Using Neural Network and Genetic Hybrid Algorithm
  D vally, CH V Sarma
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The back propagation algorithm is most popular algorithm in feed forward neural network with the multi-layer. It measures the output error and calculates the gradient of the error and adjusting the ANN weight moving along the descending gradient direction. Back propagation is used to learn and store by mapping relations of input- output model. A genetic algorithm is having a random probability distribution or pattern that may be analyses statistically but may not be predicted precisely. Genetic algorithm is an iterative procedure that generates new population for individual from the old one. In my paper I am proposing to implement the back propagation algorithm and genetic algorithm to compare the output accuracy percent for medical diagnosis on various chest diseases (Asthme, tuberculosis, lung cancer, pneumonia).
Key words: Artificial neural network, back propagation algorithm, chest diseases, genetic algorithm, medical diagnosis.

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D vally, CH V Sarma, "Diagnosis Chest Diseases Using Neural Network and Genetic Hybrid Algorithm" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Nine Level Inverter with Boost Converter from Renewable Energy Source
  Maruthu Pandiyan.R, Prabakaran. B, C. Vivekanandan
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

A new single phase nine level multilevel inverter is proposed. The input to the proposed nine level multilevel inverter is obtained from solar panel . The solar energy obtained from the solar panel is not constant and it varies with times. In order to maintain the constant voltage obtained from the solar panel the boost converter is used to maintain the constant output voltage using MPPT ( Perturb and observe algorithm) algorithm. Then the buck boost converter output voltage is stored in the battery bank. Finally the battery energy is connected to the 9 level inverter circuits. The harmonics in the inverter is eliminated by using the fuzzy logic controller. The gate pulse for the multilevel inverter is given by the fuzzy logic controller which in turn reduces the harmonics in the inverter. Then the inverter output is connected to the grid are some application.
Keywords: multilevel inverter, MPPT (Perturb and observe algorithm), fuzzy logic controller, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).

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Maruthu Pandiyan.R, "Nine Level Inverter with Boost Converter from Renewable Energy Source"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Challenges and Proposed Solutions for Cloud Forensic
  Puraj Desai, Mehul Solanki, Akshay Gadhwal, Aalap Shah, Bhumika Patel
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Cloud computing is a heavily evolving topic in information technology (IT). Rather than creating, deploying and managing a physical IT infrastructure to host their software applications, organizations are increasingly deploying their infrastructure into remote, virtualized environments, often hosted and managed by third parties. Due to this large scale, in case an attack over the network of cloud, it's a great challenge to investigate to cloud. There is a very low research done to develop the theory and practice of cloud forensic. The investigator has huge challenge of getting the IP address of the culprit as there is dynamic IP in cloud computing. Also one among many problems is that the customer is only concerned of security and threat of unknown. The cloud service provider never lets customer see what is behind "virtual curtain" which leads customer more doubting for the security and threat issue. In cloud forensics, the lack of physical access leads to big challenge for investigator. In this paper we are presenting few common challenges which arise in cloud forensic and proposed solution to it. We will also discuss the in brief about cloud computing and cloud forensic.
keyword— Cloud Computing, Virtual Environment, Cloud Forensic

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Puraj Desai, Mehul Solanki, Akshay Gadhwal, Aalap Shah, Bhumika Patel, "Challenges and Proposed Solutions for Cloud Forensic" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Evaluation of Corrosion Properties of Retrogression and Reaged Al 7075 alloy reinforced with SiCp Composite Material
  Janardhana. K, Dr. D. N. Drakshayani
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The metal matrix composites offer a spectrum of advantages that are important for their selection and use as structural materials. A few such advantages are high strength, high elastic modulus, high toughness and impact resistance, low sensitivity to changes in temperature or thermal shock, high surface durability, low sensitivity to surface flaws, high electrical and thermal conductivity, minimum exposure to the potential problem of moisture absorption resulting in environmental degradation and improved machinability with conventional metal working equipment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the corrosion properties of Silicon Carbide particles (SiCp) reinforced Aluminum matrix composite after retrogression and re-aging heat treatment. Aluminum 7075 alloy with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% SiCp were studied.
keyword— Retrogression and Re-aging, Corrosion, Aluminum 7075 alloy, heat treatment

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Janardhana. K, Dr. D. N. Drakshayani, "Evaluation of Corrosion Properties of Retrogression and Reaged Al 7075 alloy reinforced with SiCp Composite Material"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Numerical Study Of Flue Gas Flow In A Multi Cyclone Separator
  Ganga Reddy C, Umesh Kuppuraj
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The removal of harmful particulate matter from power plant flue gas is of critical importance to the environment and its inhabitants. The present work illustrates the use of multi-cyclone separators to remove the particulate matter from the bulk of the gas exhausted to the atmosphere. The method has potential to replace conventional systems like electrostatic precipitator due to inherent low power requirement and low maintenance. A parametric model may be employed to design the system based on the requirement of the power station. The present work describes the simulation of flue gas flow through a cyclonic separator. A Finite volume approach has been used and the pressure-velocity coupling is resolved using the SIMPLE algorithm. Discrete phase model is used to inject solid particles from inlet. In this numerical analysis a cluster of four cyclonic separators are considered. Comparisons are made between the available experimental results and the computational work for validation of the numerical models and schemes employed in the work. The separation efficiency and particle trajectories are shown and found comparable to similar cases from literature. The experimental results correlate well for the model under consideration.
Keywords: Flue gases, discrete phase model, computational fluid dynamics, Separation efficiency, cyclone separator

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Ganga Reddy C, Umesh Kuppuraj, "Numerical Study Of Flue Gas Flow In A Multi Cyclone Separator"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Microstrip Antenna for ISM Band (2.4GHz) Applications-A review
  Parthrajsinh Kishorsinhji Jhala, S.Sreenath Kashyap, Piyush M. Paneliya
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The past decade has seen a rapid development of wireless communication systems. This continuous trend is bringing about a wave of new wireless devices placing several demands on the antenna such as size miniaturization, power consumption, simplicity, compatibility with printed-circuit technology, low profile, light weight, lower return loss and good radiation properties. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research work done in the recent past by various authors on the design and optimization of the planar microstrip antenna operating in ISM band. An exhaustive list of reference has been provided.
Key words: Microstrip Patch Antenna, ISM Band.

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Parthrajsinh Kishorsinhji Jhala, S.Sreenath Kashyap, Piyush M. Paneliya, "Microstrip Antenna for ISM Band (2.4GHz) Applications-A review" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com


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• Survey Paper on Image Denoising Using Spatial Statistic son Pixel
  Varun Nigam, Neelesh Gupta, Neetu Sharma
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The classical non-local means image denoising approach, the value of a pixel is determined based on the weighted average of other pixels, where the weights are determined based on a fixed isotropic ally weighted similarity function between the local neighbourhoods. It is demonstrate that noticeably improved perceptual quality can be achieved through the use of adaptive anisotropic ally weighted similarity functions between local neighbourhoods. This is accomplished by adapting the similarity weighing function in an anisotropic manner based on the perceptual characteristics of the underlying image content derived efficiently based on the Mexican Hat wavelet. Experimental results show that the it can be used to provide improved perceptual quality in the denoised image both quantitatively and qualitatively when compared to existing methods.
Key words: Image Denoising, Noise, Wavelet Transform, Image Processing, PSNR

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Varun Nigam, Neelesh Gupta, Neetu Sharma, "Survey Paper on Image Denoising Using Spatial Statistic son Pixel"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Adaptive Fuzzy Logic control for Photovoltaic System
  Anass Ait Laachir, Abderrahmane El Kachani, Abdelhamid Niaaniaa, Moulay Brahim Sedra, El Mahjoub CHAKIR, Tarik Jarou
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This work presents an intelligent approach to the improvement and optimization of control performance of a photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking based on fuzzy logic control. This control was compared with the conventional control based on Perturb &Observe algorithm. The results obtained in Matlab/Simulink under different conditions show a marked improvement in the performance of fuzzy control MPPT of the PV system.
Keywords: DC-DC converter, fuzzy logic, MPPT, perturb and observe, Photovoltaic.

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Anass Ait Laachir, Abderrahmane El Kachani, Abdelhamid Niaaniaa, Moulay Brahim Sedra, El Mahjoub CHAKIR, Tarik Jarou, "Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Adaptive Fuzzy Logic control for Photovoltaic System" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Green Roofs and Green Building Rating Systems
  Liaw, Chao-Hsien, Huang, En-Hao, Tzai, Hsin-Yuan
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The environmental benefits for green building from the Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED) and Ecology, Energy, Waste, and Health (EEWH) rating systems have been extensively investigated; however, the effect of green roofs on the credit-earning mechanisms is relatively unexplored. This study is concerned with the environmental benefits of green roofs with respect to sustainability, stormwater control, energy savings, and water resources. We focused on the relationship between green coverage and the credits of the rating systems, evaluated the credits efficiency, and performed cost analysis. As an example, we used a university building in Keelung, Northern Taiwan. The findings suggest that with EEWH, the proposed green coverage is 50–75%, whereas with LEED, the proposed green coverage is 100%. These findings have implications for the application of green roofs in green building.
Keywords: Green building, green roof, green building rating system, LEED, EEWH

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Liaw, Chao-Hsien, Huang, En-Hao, Tzai, Hsin-Yuan, "Green Roofs and Green Building Rating Systems"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Modeling the transport of charge carriers in the active devices diode submicron n+-n- n+, based upon Ga0.49In0.51P by the Monte Carlo method
  Nourdine Massoum, Ahlem Guen Bouazza, Benyounes Bouazza, Amine oujdi
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

A Monte Carlo simulation program was developed to simulate the movement of electrons in a submicron GaInP diode three dimensional (3D) with 0.1 microns-long active layer. The algorithm couples a standard Monte Carlo particle simulator for the Boltzmann equation with a 3D Poisson solver. Thus a series of hits for a specific MC submicron diode (GaInP), with an active layer (n = 2x10¹⁵cm^-3) of length 0.1μm surrounded by two regions doped with n = 5x10¹⁷cm^-3, are presented. The lattice temperature is 300K and the anode voltage V_a is 1V. The analysis also showed that the average drift velocity to the electrons in the channel is about 5x10⁶ cm/sec
Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation, active layer, drift velocity, Diode device,

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Nourdine Massoum, Ahlem Guen Bouazza, Benyounes Bouazza, Amine oujdi, "Modeling the transport of charge carriers in the active devices diode submicron n+-n- n+, based upon Ga0.49In0.51P by the Monte Carlo method"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A Survey on Security for Server Using Spontaneous Face Detection
  Prof. Priya Khune, Prasad Tanaji Satpute, Sagar Sanjay Deshmukh, Pranav Manoj Biyani
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

In today's computerized world, cyber crime has increased. The web network of www also increases day by day. So the protection of software and data in our computers has become very important. For this purpose we are developing the "Server Security System" with the help of some technologies such as GPRS, TCP-IP, SMTP, and MIME. In our project we are developing a system such that we get the image of an unauthorized person or user. To do this we are using a webcam. We send a mail to the authorized person's GPRS phone. For this purpose we use a mobile it can be any mobile. In parallel we are changing the password by generating a random string & then Shutting-Down the computer remotely. By using java programming we can create such applications which will help us to stop the cyber crime. It is not visible to new user so that he is unaware from this software so this will definitely helpful to make them fool.
Keywords: Image processing, Spontaneous facial expression, Eigen face, Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

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Prof. Priya Khune, Prasad Tanaji Satpute, Sagar Sanjay Deshmukh, Pranav Manoj Biyani, "A Survey on Security for Server Using Spontaneous Face Detection" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Photoluminescence of Bioceramic Materials and Bioceramic Resonance
  Ting-Kai Leung
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The development of photoluminescent of BIOCERAMIC(PLB) and BIOCERAMIC resonance are based on BIOCERAMIC material, is a kind of non-ionized radiation spectrum emitting material possesses characteristics of weakening effect on water hydrogen bonds. The effect is corresponding to our previous medical-biological studies, such as microcirculation enhancement. Herein, a review is to conclude our previous study on therapeutic effect of PLB or BIOCERAMIC resonance. They are include: glucose level control on diabetics by animal model; improved motor activity on middle cerebral arterial occlusion(MCAO) of rats by PLB treatment; normalizing ability to the mean current level measurement of acupuncture points on skin by PLB irradiation; enhanced propagated sensation along meridians‟ (PSM) phenomenon with clinical benefits by PLB effect on different meridian channels; combine effects of PLB and BIOCERAMIC resonance on many disorders such as insomnia, migraine(a chronic sympathetic nervous system disorder) and other autonomic nervous system disorder, associate clinical improvements. Thus, application of BIOCERAMIC technology for complementary therapy has scientific evidence based with good expectation. Running title: BIOCERAMIC therapy
Keywords: BIOCERAMIC; Resonance; photoluminescent; Meridian; Diabetics; parasympathetic; ANS

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Ting-Kai Leung, "Photoluminescence of Bioceramic Materials and Bioceramic Resonance"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Comparative Study of Low Power Low Area Bypass Multipliers for Signal Processing Applications
  Nithya J, Sathiyabama G, Revathi K
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper presents a comparative study of 1-dimensional bypassing multipliers on basis of delay, area and power. If we can reduce the power consumption of the multiplier block, then we can reduce the power consumption of various digital signal processing chips and communication systems. In 2-dimensional bypass multiplier is presented the effective analysis of Slices, Lut, Cost & area is achieved. The implementation of Braun multipliers and its bypassing techniques is done using Verilog HDL using Xilinx 12.4 ISE. Results are showed and it is verified using the Spartan-3E and Synopsys respectively.
Keyword: Bypassing, Multipliers, Delay, Power, Area, Comparison.

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Nithya J, Sathiyabama G, Revathi K, "Comparative Study of Low Power Low Area Bypass Multipliers for Signal Processing Applications"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Brain Fingerprinting Technology
  Ms.J.R.Rajput, Ms. P.M. Deshpande, Prof.A.R.Wadhekar
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Brain Fingerprinting is a new computer-based technology to identify the perpetrator of a crime accurately and scientifically by measuring brain-wave responses to crime-relevant words or pictures presented on a computer screen. Brain Fingerprinting has proven 100% accurate in over 120 tests, including tests on FBI agents, tests for a US intelligence agency and for the US Navy, and tests on real-life situations including felony crimes. Brain fingerprinting is based on finding that the brain generates a unique brain wave pattern when a person encounters a familiar stimulus Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in lie detection derives from studies suggesting that persons asked to lie show different patterns of brain activity than they do when being truthful. Issues related to the use of such evidence in courts are discussed. The author concludes that neither approach is currently supported by enough data regarding its accuracy in detecting deception to warrant use in court. In the field of criminology, a new lie detector has been developed in the United States of America. This is called "brain fingerprinting". This invention is supposed to be the best lie detector available as on date and is said to detect even smooth criminals who pass the polygraph test (the conventional lie detector test) with ease. The new method employs brain waves, which are useful in detecting whether the person subjected to the test, remembers finer details of the crime. Even if the person willingly suppresses the necessary information, the brain wave is sure to trap him, according to the experts, who are very excited about the new kid on the block.
Keyword: Brain fingerprinting, Unique brain wave pattern, magnetic resonance

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Ms.J.R.Rajput, Ms. P.M. Deshpande, Prof.A.R.Wadhekar, "Brain Fingerprinting Technology"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Pattern based approach for Natural Language Interface to Database
  Niket Choudhary, Sonal Gore
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Natural Language Interface to Database (NLIDB) is an interesting and widely applicable research field. As the name suggests an NLIDB allows a naive user to ask query to database in natural language. This paper presents an NLIDB namely Pattern based Natural Language Interface to Database (PBNLIDB) in which patterns for simple query, aggregate function, relational operator, short-circuit logical operator and join are defined. The patterns are categorized into valid and invalid. Valid patterns are directly used to translate natural language query into Structured Query Language (SQL) query whereas an invalid pattern assists the query authoring service in generating options for user so that the query could be framed correctly. The system takes an English language query as input, recognizes pattern in the query, selects one of the before mentioned features of SQL based on the pattern, prepares an SQL statement, fires it on database and displays the result.
Keyword: natural language interface, pattern based, relational database, SQL

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Niket Choudhary, Sonal Gore, "Pattern based approach for Natural Language Interface to Database"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Concrete Poetry and It's Varieties in Persian Poetry
  Mohammad Javad Erfani Beyzaee and Zeynab Alipoor Keyvanlood
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Concrete poetry is a form of visual poetry which is known as imaginary poetry, in Persian language. We can enter the genealogy of concrete poetry from two perspectives, First Persian acrostic Moshajjar and Mottayar poetry, the other one is French poet, Guillaume Apollinaire lyrics, which is known to Cali grams.But the systematic concrete poetry formed by poets such as Eugene Gvmanzhh, Gstvdh Pygmatary Campos and in South America.In contemporary Iranian poetry, visual aspect of poetry considered by poets and different varieties of this type has been created. Unlike traditional poetry, which is dependent on words, elements of fantasy, metaphors and symbols, Concrete poetry realization requires an understanding of the visual aspect of it, which is achieved through cooperation of concrete elements and techniques.This kind of poetry has a direct relationship with exploration, understanding and audience reception.In fact, it is the audience who makes and completes the work, by receiving the hidden layer of poetry. The poet does not end the poetry,because the audience completes the text by exploring the relationship between implicit and explicit and reading the unwritten parts. In this study, we follow the historical discussion of concrete poetry,and the way it shaped, and how the poets entered concrete poetry,and we try to present a new classification, according to the poems that have been classified as concrete.
Keyword: Concrete poetry, Visual poetry, Image, Contemporary poets

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Mohammad Javad Erfani Beyzaee and Zeynab Alipoor Keyvanlood, "Concrete Poetry and It's Varieties in Persian Poetry"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Study of Simulated Temperature of Butt Joint during Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminium Alloy by Using Hyperworks
  Mohd Anees Siddiqui, S.A.H. Jafri, Shahnawaz Alam
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Friction stir welding (FSW) is one of the latest welding technology that utilizes a special tool for generation of frictional heat in the work piece by its rotation due to which joining occurs without melting of metal. For this reason friction stir welding lies under the category of solid state joining. A part from experimental work, there is large space to work on simulation of FSW by using simulation tools. In the present paper, simulation of friction stir welding of aluminium alloy AA-6061 is done by using HyperWeld module of Altair HyperWorks. The virtual experiment of friction stir welding is conducted for variable tool rotational speeds with constant travelling speed and study of simulation results of variation in temperature distribution along the weld line of butt joint is done. The results of simulation shows that the temperature is symmetrically distributed along the weld line. It is observed that the maximum temperature along the weld line increases with the increase in rotational speed. It is also observed that the temperature at advancing side is greater that retreating side.
Keyword: Friction stir welding, Temperature distribution, HyperWeld.

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Mohd Anees Siddiqui, S.A.H. Jafri, Shahnawaz Alam, "Study of Simulated Temperature of Butt Joint during Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminium Alloy by Using Hyperworks"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Design & Simulation Of 3-Phase, 15-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage Topology
  Durga Bhavani. Peeta, Sathish Kumar.K
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Multilevel inverters have been widely accepted for high-power high-voltage applications. Their performance is highly superior to that of conventional Seven-level inverters due to reduced harmonic distortion, lower electromagnetic interference, and higher dc link voltages. In this paper, a new topology with a reversing-voltage component is proposed to improve the multilevel performance. This topology requires fewer components compared to existing inverters (particularly in higher levels) and requires fewer carrier signals and gate drives. Therefore, thecomplexity is greatly reduced particularly for higher output voltage levels. The Proposed 15-level inverter is modelled and simulated in Matlab 2012a using Simulink and Sim Power Systems set tool boxes
Keyword: Multilevel inverter, power electronics, SPWM, topology.

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Durga Bhavani. Peeta, Sathish Kumar.K, "Design & Simulation Of 3-Phase, 15-Level Inverter with Reverse Voltage Topology"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Effects oftheExchange Interaction Parameter onthePhase Diagrams fortheTransverse Ising Model
  Bayor Jude Simons, BaohuaTeng, Manoj Kumar Shah
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The microscopic effect of the exchange interaction parameter for the 2-Dimensional ising model with nearest neighbor interaction has been studied. By supposing simple temperature dependent relationship for the exchange parameter, graphs were straightforwardly obtained that show the reentrant closed looped phase diagrams symptomatic of some colloids and complex fluids and some binary liquids mixtures in particular. By parameter modifications, other phase diagrams were also obtained. Amongst which are the u-shapes and other exotic shapes of phase diagrams. Our results show that the exchange interaction parameter greatly influence the size of the ordered phase. Hence the larger the value of the constant, the larger the size of the ordered phase. This means that the higher values of the exchange parameter brings about phase transitions that straddle a wider range of polarizations and temperatures.
Keyword: closed loop, exchange interaction, order-disorder, phase diagram, reentrant behavior, transverse Ising model (TIM).

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Bayor Jude Simons, BaohuaTeng, Manoj Kumar Shah, "Effects oftheExchange Interaction Parameter onthePhase Diagrams fortheTransverse Ising Model"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Modern Method for Detecting Web Phishing Using Visual Cryp-tography (VC) and Quick Response Code (QR code)
  Ms. Ashvini Kute, Ms. Damini Deokar, Ms. Dhanashree Moholkar, Ms. Namrata Kadam, Prof. Sonali Kadam
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Phishing is an attempt by an individual or a group to thieve personal confidential information such as pass-words, credit card information etc from unsuspecting victims for identity theft, financial gain and other fraudu-lent activities. Here an image based (QR codes) authentication using Visual Cryptography (VC) is used. The use of Visual cryptography is explored to convert the QR code into two shares and both these shares can then be transmitted separately. One Time Passwords (OTP) is passwords which are valid only for a session to validate the user within a specified amount of time. In this paper we are presenting a new authentication scheme for se-cure OTP distribution in phishing website detection through VC and QR codes.
Keywords: OTP, Phishing, QR code, Shares, Visual Cryptography.

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Ms. Ashvini Kute, Ms. Damini Deokar, Ms. Dhanashree Moholkar, Ms. Namrata Kadam, Prof. Sonali Kadam, "Modern Method for Detecting Web Phishing Using Visual Cryp-tography (VC) and Quick Response Code (QR code)"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A Survey on: Enhancement of Minimum Spanning Tree
  Nimesh Patel, Dr. K. M. Patel
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Minimum spanning tree can be obtained for connected weighted edges with no negative weight using classical algorithms such as Boruvka's, Prim's and Kruskal. This paper presents a survey on the classical and the more recent algorithms with different techniques. This survey paper also contains comparisons of MST algorithm and their advantages and disadvantages.
Keywords: Cord, DWCM, FCM, Graph, LC-MST, MST, Tree

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Nimesh Patel, Dr. K. M. Patel, "A Survey on: Enhancement of Minimum Spanning Tree"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Limit State Design: IS: 800 2007 a New Challenge for Structural Engineers in India
  Biswajit Som, Sovanlal Maiti and Gokul Mondal
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Since last two decades Limit State concept of Design (LSD) of steel structure has been adopted by the structural engineers worldwide. In India it is still a new concept for the practicing structural engineers as the formal publication of IS 800-2007 was made in Dec, 2007, only seven years back. As a result Indian engineers are to face a real challenge to cover-up the gap in between. Publication of ISO: 2943 in 90‟s is a mile stone of global acceptance of LSD. Revision of IS 800-1984 to IS: 800: 2007 is made for a complete change of concept of design hitherto followed. Implementation of LSD was a problem in all most all the countries in the world. India is also facing the same due to delayed introduction of LSD codes when the level of knowledge on limit state developed very fast internationally. Today it becomes an urgent task for the Indian structural engineers to study and review more and more the basic philosophy and concept in contrast to the traditional method of Working Stress Design (WSD) in a documented manner so that this can help everyone in this field for effective application of LSD in practical design. This paper will address this issue as why it becomes a real historical challenge for engineers in India. Here it will also be attempted to highlight the basic philosophical understanding required for successful transformation from the traditional concept to this new concept of LSD. Some comparative design review of both the codes will also be presented for practical understanding of the conceptual changes.
Keywords: Steel Structure, IS:800, LSD, WSD, Reliability, Uncertainty.

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Biswajit Som, Sovanlal Maiti and Gokul Mondal, "Limit State Design: IS: 800 2007 a New Challenge for Structural Engineers in India"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Fast Computational Four-Neighborhood Search Algorithm For Block matching Motion Estimation
  Ibrahim Nahhas
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The Motion estimation is an effective method for removing temporal redundancyfound in video sequence compression. Block Matching algorithm has been widely used in motion estimation and a number of fast algorithms have proposed to reduce the computational complexity of BMA. In this paper we propose a new search strategy for fast block matching based on Four-Neighborhood Search (FNS) and fast computational strategy, this new algorithm can significantly speed up the computation of the block matching by reducing the number of checked points and the time computational. Results have been shown that 89% to 93% of operations can be saved while maintaining the quality of video relative to full search algorithm.
Key words: Block matching, Motion estimation, Four-neighborhood search.

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Ibrahim Nahhas, "Fast Computational Four- Neighborhood Search Algorithm For Block matching Motion Estimation" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Analysis Of Laminated and Sandwich Composites by A Zig-Zag Plate Element with Variable Kinematics and Fixed Degrees Of Freedom
  Ugo Icardi, Federico Sola
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

A C° layerwise plate element with standard nodal d.o.f. and serendipity interpolation functions is applied to the analysis of laminates and sandwiches giving rise to strong layerwise effects. The element is obtained using an energy updating technique and symbolic calculus starting from a physically-based zig-zag model with variable kinematics and fixed d.o.f. able to a priori satisfy to displacement and stress continuity at the material interfaces. Non classical feature, a high-order piecewise zig-zag variation of the transverse displacement is assumed as it helps keeping equilibrium. Crushing of core is studied carrying apart a detailed 3D modelling of the honeycomb structure discretizing the cell walls with plate elements, with the aim of obtaining apparent elastic moduli at each load level. Using such apparent moduli, a 2D homogenized analysis is carried out simulating sandwiches as multi-layered structures Applications are presented to plates undergoing impulsive loading incorporating plies with spatially variable stiffness properties. It is shown that accurate predictions are always obtained in in the numerical applications with a very low computational effort. Compared to kinematically based zig-zag models, present physically based one is proven to more accurate, being always in a good agreement with exact 3D solutions.
Keywords: Impulsive loading, Indentation, Hierarchic representation, Optimized tailoring, Stress relaxation, Variable stiffness composites.

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Ugo Icardi, Federico Sola, "Analysis Of Laminated and Sandwich Composites by A Zig-Zag Plate Element with Variable Kinematics and Fixed Degrees Of Freedom"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Implementation Of Syntax Parser For English Language Using Grammar Rules
  Shraddha Anantpure, Hinal Jain, Neha Alhat, Smita Bhor, Mrs Shanthi Guru
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

From many years we have been using Chomsky‟s generative system of grammars, particularly context-free grammars (CFGs) and regular expressions (REs), to express the syntax of programming languages and protocols. Syntactic parsing mainly works with syntactic structure of a sentence. The 'syntax' refers to the grammatical and syntactical arrangement of words in a sentence and their relationship with other words. The main focus of syntactic analysis is important to find syntactic structure of a sentence which usually is represented as a tree structure. To identify the syntactic structure is useful in determining the meaning of a sentence Natural language processing processes the data through lexical analysis, Syntax analysis, Semantic analysis, and Discourse processing, Pragmatic analysis. This paper gives various parsing methods. The algorithm in this paper splits the English sentences into parts using POS (Parts Of Speech) tagger, It identifies the type of sentence (Simple, Complex, Interrogate, Facts, active, passive etc.) and then parses these sentences using grammar rules of Natural language. As natural language processing becomes an increasingly relevant, there is a need for tree banks catered to the specific needs of more individualized systems. Here, we present the open source technique to check and correct the grammar. The methodology will give appropriate grammatical suggestions.

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Shraddha Anantpure, Hinal Jain, Neha Alhat, Smita Bhor, Mrs Shanthi Guru, "Implementation Of Syntax Parser For English Language Using Grammar Rules"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Combining Infrared Thermography and Numerical Analysis for Evaluating Thermal Bridges In Buildings: A Case Study
  Iole Nardi, Dario Ambrosini, Domenica Paoletti And Stefano Sfarra
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Energy dispersions for transmission in buildings with highly insulated envelope are mainly due to thermal bridges. And because the energy certification of buildings shall be based on real thermal performance and not on theoretical components, nowadays their incidence on energy saving is relevant. Currently, infrared thermography is considered exclusively as a qualitative tool to detect thermal irregularities in buildings, but thermographic inspection allows not only the localization of thermal bridges, but also the identification of temperature field and, therefore, the quantization of the energy losses through such elements of discontinuities. This approach marks a shift from a qualitative to a quantitative analysis of the thermographic image of a building. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of three different types of thermal bridge, estimated as a percentage increase of the homogeneous wall thermal transmittance. Results are obtained exclusively with thermographic surveys without further information on the wall stratigraphy. Finally, the methodology has been validated by comparing with the results obtained by numerical calculation.
keyword— Heat losses, numerical simulation, quantitative infrared thermography, thermal bridges.

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Iole Nardi, Dario Ambrosini, Domenica Paoletti And Stefano Sfarra, "Combining Infrared Thermography and Numerical Analysis for Evaluating Thermal Bridges In Buildings: A Case Study"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Analysis of Image Fusion Techniques for fingerprint Palmprint Multimodal Biometric System
  S. Anu H Naira, Dr. P. Aruna
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The multimodal Biometric System using multiple sources of information has been widely recognized. However computational models for multimodal biometrics recognition have only recently received attention. In this paper the fingerprint and palmprint images are chosen and fused together using image fusion methods. The biometric features are subjected to modality extraction. Different fusion methods like average fusion, minimum fusion, maximum fusion, discrete wavelet transform fusion and stationary wavelet transformfusion are implemented for the fusion of extracting modalities. The best fused template is analyzed by applying various fusion metrics. Here the DWT fused image provided better results.
Keywords: Multimodal biometrics, feature fusion, average fusion, discrete wavelet, stationary wavelet, minimum fusion, maximum fusion

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S. Anu H Naira, Dr. P. Aruna, "Analysis of Image Fusion Techniques for fingerprint Palmprint Multimodal Biometric System"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A Research on Optimal Power Flow Solutions For Variable Load
  Asmita D. Chandekar, Dutt Subroto
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper presents the optimal power flow solutions under variable load conditions. In this article we present the recent trend towards non-deterministic (random) search techniques and hybrid methods for OPF and give the conclusions. These methods have become popular because they have a theoretical advantage over the deterministic methods with respect to handling of non convexity, dynamics, and discrete variables. Present commercial OPF programs can solve very large and complex power systems optimization problems in a relatively less time. In recent years many different solution methods have been suggested to solve OPF problems. The paper contributes a comprehensive discussion of specific optimization techniques that can be applied to OPF Solution methodology.
Key words: Optimal Power Flow (OPF),Optimization techniques , Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT).

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Asmita D. Chandekar, Dutt Subroto, "A Research on Optimal Power Flow Solutions For Variable Load"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com


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• A New Approach for Design of Model Matching Controllers for Time Delay Systems by Using GA Technique
  K. K. D Priyanka, M. Santhosh Kiran, Dr. G. Rajarao
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Modeling of physical systems usually results in complex high order dynamic representation. The simulation and design of controller for higher order system is a difficult problem. Normally the cost and complexity of the controller increases with the system order. Hence it is desirable to approximate these models to reduced order model such that these lower order models preserves all salient features of higher order model. Lower order models simplify the understanding of the original higher order system. Modern controller design methods such as Model Matching Technique, LQG produce controllers of order at least equal to that of the plant, usually higher order. These control laws are may be too complex with regards to practical implementation and simpler designs are then sought. For this purpose, one can either reduce the order the plant model prior to controller design, or reduce the controller in the final stage, or both. In the present work, a controller is designed such that the closed loop system which includes a delay response(s) matches with those of the chosen model with same time delay as close as possible. Based on desired model, a controller(of higher order) is designed using model matching method and is approximated to a lower order one using Approximate Generalized Time Moments (AGTM) / Approximate Generalized Markov Moments (AGMM) matching technique and Optimal Pade Approximation technique. Genetic Algorithm (GA) optimization technique is used to obtain the expansion points one which yields similar response as that of model, minimizing the error between the response of the model and that of designed closed loop system.
Key words: Approximate Generalized Time Moments (AGTM), Genetic Algorithm (GA)

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K. K. D Priyanka, M. Santhosh Kiran, Dr. G. Rajarao, "A New Approach for Design of Model Matching Controllers for Time Delay Systems by Using GA Technique"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Optimization of Cylindrical Grinding Process Parameters on C40E Steel Using Taguchi Technique
  Naresh Kumar, Himanshu Tripathi, Sandeep Gandotra
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Surface finish and dimensional accuracy play a vital role in the today's engineering industry. There are several methods used to achieve good surface finish like burnishing, honing and lapping, and grinding. Grinding is one of these ways that improves the surface finish and dimensional accuracy simultaneously. C40E steel has good industrial application in manufacturing of shafts, axles, spindles, studs, etc. In the present work the cylindrical grinding of C40E steel is done for the optimization of grinding process parameters. During this experimental work input process parameters i.e. speed, feed, depth of cut is optimized using Taguchi L₉ orthogonal array. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) concluded that surface roughness is minimum at the 210 rpm, 0.11mm/rev feed, and 0.04mm depth of penetration.
Keywords: Cylindrical Grinding, Speed, Feed, Depth of Cut.

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Naresh Kumar, Himanshu Tripathi, Sandeep Gandotra, "Optimization of Cylindrical Grinding Process Parameters on C40E Steel Using Taguchi Technique"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A Boundary Value Problem and Expansion Formula of I - Function and General Class of Polynomials with Application
  Yashwant Singh, Nanda Kulkarni
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

In the present paper, we make a model of a boundary value problem and then obtain its solution involving products of I -function and a general class of polynomials.
Keywords: General Class of Polynomials, I -function, Expansion Formula, Hermite Polynomial.

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Yashwant Singh, Nanda Kulkarni, "A Boundary Value Problem and Expansion Formula of I - Function and General Class of Polynomials with Application"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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Verison-4

• Qos Enabled Communication Support over Multicast Ad Hoc Networks: An Overview
  Amit Chopra, Dr. Rajneesh Gujral
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Multicasting Routing in Mobile Ad hoc networks faces various issues related to Quality of Services (QoS) which suffer from behavior of routing protocols, topology, group management, security and group mobility. QoS constraints can be categorized by their application domains also i.e. for military, we need to maintain QoS for confidentiality and data integrity by compromising with control overhead, in case of real time applications, we need to maintain QoS for throughput by maintaining jitter, delay and packet delivery ratio etc. In this paper, we will give an overview of the different approaches that have been recently developed to resolve the issues related to QoS support over Multicast Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.
Keywords: MANETs,Multicast Routing, QoS.

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Amit Chopra, Dr. Rajneesh Gujral, "Qos Enabled Communication Support over Multicast Ad Hoc Networks: An Overview"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Design and Fabrication of Moto Autor
  A. John Joseph Clinton, P. Rajkumar
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This project is based on the need for the unconventional motor. This work will be another addition in the unconventional revolution. Our project is mainly composed of design and fabrication of the ―MOTO AUTOR‖ which is a replacement of conventional motors in many applications of it. This motoautor can run on its own without any traditional input for fuelling it except for the initiation where permanent magnets has to be installed at first. It is a perpetual motion system that can energize itself by taking up the free energy present in the nature itself. This project enables to motorize systems with very minimal expenditure of energy.
Keywords: Perpetual motion, Free energy conversion, Unconventional motor, Magnetic principles, Self-energizing

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A. John Joseph Clinton, P. Rajkumar, "Design and Fabrication of Moto Autor"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• An Ontological Approach for Mining Association Rules from Transactional Dataset
  Sivanthiya.T, G.Sumathi
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Infrequent item sets are mined in order to reduce the cost function and to make the sale of a rare data correlated item set. In the past research, algorithms like Infrequent Weighted Item Set Miner and Minimal Infrequent Weighted Item Set Miner were used. Since, mining of infrequent item set is done by satisfying support count less than or equal to the maximum support count many number of rules were generated and the mined result do not guarantee that only interesting rules were extracted, as the interestingness is strongly depends on the user knowledge and goals. Hence, an Ontology Relational Weights Measure using Weighted Association Rule Mining approach is introduced to integrate user's knowledge, minimize number of rules and mine the interesting infrequent item sets.
Index terms: Ontology Relational Weights, Weighted Association Rule Mining, Infrequent Weighted Item set, Minimal Infrequent Weighted Item set.

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Sivanthiya.T, G.Sumathi, "An Ontological Approach for Mining Association Rules from Transactional Dataset"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Accounting SDR Fluctuations to Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion for Better Predictions of In-Cylinder Processes
  Dr. S.M.Jameel Basha
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The In-cylinder gas flow is complex three dimensional, unsteady and turbulent and hence poses many problems and uncertainties in the theoretical predictions. Of course, to study and have a better understanding of such combustion processes, the simulation models are more suitable compared to the time consuming experimental methods. The computational Fluid Dynamic models have gained momentum with the advent of high end computers for analysis of IC engine combustion process. FLUENT is the versatile tool for modeling the dynamic mesh parameters, in-cylinder flows and better analysis of pollutants. It is found that ignoring the effect of Scalar Dissipation Rate Fluctuations may cause inconsistency in predictions. Hence it is aimed to adopt Scalar Dissipation Rate Fluctuations by writing the User Defined Function (UDF) and appending it to existing code. Air motion which depends on piston bowl configuration plays important role in fuel-air mixing, combustion and emission formation especially at the end of compression stroke at TDC. In order to understand this effect, spherical bowl configuration was chosen for computations. the predicted results were compared with and without piston howl configuration to include scalar dissipation rate fluctuations (SDRF). The validation of the modified computer code is done by comparing the measured available data. Results were presented in the form of temperature, pressure and TKE contours gives better analysis of in-cylinder processes.
Key words: SDRF, CFD, Flamelet equation, PDF

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Dr. S.M.Jameel Basha, "Accounting SDR Fluctuations to Non-Premixed Turbulent Combustion for Better Predictions of In-Cylinder Processes"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Shape Optimization Of A Suspension Bellcrank Using 3d Finite Element Methods
  Promit Choudhury, Nilai Suresh, Pritish Panda
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The paper represents an application of an optimization procedure for a mass and stress optimization of the bellcrank of a double wishbone suspension system of SRM University's FormulaSAE vehicle. The used optimization procedure, so-called Fully Stressed Design, is based on an indirect approach utilizing optimum criteria. The aim of the optimization was to achieve the lowest possible mass of the construction taking into consideration the allowed resistance and also to investigate and analyze the structural stress distribution of bellcrank at the real time condition during damping process and the spring actuation.
Keywords: Suspension, fully stressed design, goal function, Bellcrank, optimization, damping.

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Promit Choudhury, Nilai Suresh, Pritish Panda, "Shape Optimization Of A Suspension Bellcrank Using 3d Finite Element Methods"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A Study and Brief Investigation on Invisibility Of Aircrafts (Vimanas)
  A.Hemant Kumar Yadav,V.V.S.Nikhil Bharadwaj, Kalyan Dagamoori, V. N. Sai Kiran Aka, Yasarapudi Sharon Ruth, Aishwarya Ramesh, Pikkalkar Praveen Kumar, A.Kavitha Sree, Jay R Gaglani, P.Shiva Shashank
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Making aircrafts invisible to human eye would be a great advantage in defence and military use. The Vedas show us evidence that the ancient ancestors have advanced technology to make a vimana invisible. They had great knowledge on the sun rays, and energies extraction which can create the invisibility for the vimana. The paper describes the various writings and investigation on the topics, comparing with the modern findings of solar rays usage which lead to the better understanding of Ancient advanced vimanas and provide a path to the findings of invisibility.
Keywords: Invisibility Of Vimanas , Solar Radiation , Wave Signal .

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A.Hemant Kumar Yadav,V.V.S.Nikhil Bharadwaj, Kalyan Dagamoori, V. N. Sai Kiran Aka, Yasarapudi Sharon Ruth, Aishwarya Ramesh, Pikkalkar Praveen Kumar, A.Kavitha Sree, Jay R Gaglani, K.Shiva Shashank, "A Study and Brief Investigation on Invisibility Of Aircrafts (Vimanas)"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Implementation of Transformer Protection by Intelligent Electronic Device for Different Faults
  Y V Aruna, Beena S
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Protection of power system equipments was traditionally done by using electromagnetic relay, static relays, and numerical relays. At present the microprocessor based relays are replacing the old Electromagnetic relays because of their high level accuracy and fast operation. RET670(Transformer protection relay ), an IED (INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICE) provides fast and selective protection, monitoring, and control of all types of transformer. The configured IED is tested under different fault conditions simulated by using mobile test kit to ensure IED's reliable operation on site. With preconfigured algorithms, the IED will automatically reconfigure the network in case of a fault, and a service restoration is carried out within milliseconds by giving trip signal to the corresponding Circuit breakers. On receiving the trip signal the circuit breaker operates providing quicker isolation of transformers under the fault condition. This enables to have a complete and an adequate protection to the specified power transformer.
keyword— Transformer protection, IED, RET670

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Y V Aruna, Beena S, "Implementation of Transformer Protection by Intelligent Electronic Device for Different Faults"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Data Retrieval Scheduling For Unsynchronized Channel in Wireless Broadcast System
  A. Vergin Janani, K. Vigneshkumar
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Wireless data broadcast is a disseminating data into large number of mobile clients. In many information services, the users may query multiple data items at a time. The environment under consideration is asymmetric in that the information server has much more bandwidth available, as compared to the clients. To maximize the number of downloads given a deadline. It defines a problem called largest number data retrieval (LNDR). To prove the decision problem of LNDR is a NP hard, and to investigate approximation algorithm for it. It also define another problem called minimum cost data retrieval (MCDR), which aims at downloading a set of requested data items with the least response time and energy consumption. Data scheduling problem over unsynchronized channel at server side. In proposed system LNDR and MCDR in push based and pull based broadcast system are used. The proposed approximation algorithms efficiently schedule the data retrieval process of downloading multiple data from multiple channels. Push based and pull based broadcast model are used in unsynchronized channel. When the time needed for channel switching can be ignored, a Maximum Matching optimal algorithm is exhibited for LNDR which requires only polynomial time. The switching time cannot be neglected, finally to provide simulation results to demonstrate the practical efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
Index Terms: Push based broadcast, pull based broadcast, unsynchronized channel, wireless broadcast system

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A. Vergin Janani, K. Vigneshkumar, "Data Retrieval Scheduling For Unsynchronized Channel in Wireless Broadcast System"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• IR Drop Analysis and Its Reduction Techniques in Deep Submicron Technology
  Vanpreet Kaur
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper presents a detailed conceptual analysis of IR Drop effect in deep submicron technologies and its reduction techniques. The IR Drop effect in power/ground network increases rapidly with technology scaling. This affects the timing of the design and hence the desired speed. It is shown that in present day designs, using well known reduction techniques such as wire sizing and decoupling capacitor insertion, may not be sufficient to limit the voltage fluctuations and hence, two more important methods such as selective glitch reduction technique and IR Drop reduction through combinational circuit partitioning are discussed and the issues related to all the techniques are revised.
Key words: Decoupling Capacitance, Dynamic Power, Glitch Power, IR Drop, Switching Activity

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Vanpreet Kaur, "IR Drop Analysis and Its Reduction Techniques in Deep Submicron Technology"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com


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• Authentication of Secure Data Transmission In Wireless Routing
  Anoos Babu P K, J. Santhosh
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The major objective of our work is to explore a security enhanced dynamic routing algorithm based on distributed routing information widely supported in existing wired and wireless networks. The message authentication is the main area to be considered in WSN's. Most of the wireless networks are attacked for detecting the data's that are transmitted in between the users. We aim at the randomization of delivery paths for data transmission to provide considerably small path similarity (i.e., the number of common links between two delivery paths) of two consecutive transmitted packets. The proposed algorithm should be easy to implement and compatible with popular routing protocols, such as the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) for wired networks and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol for wireless networks over existing infrastructures. These protocols shall not increase the number of control messages if the proposed algorithm is adopted. An analytic study will be presented for the proposed routing algorithm, and a series of simulation study will be conducted to verify the analytic results and to show the capability of the proposed algorithm.
Key words: Hop By Hop, Random Path, Routing, Wireless Networks

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Anoos Babu P K, J. Santhosh, "Authentication of Secure Data Transmission In Wireless Routing"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural Strength of Concrete Beam
  S.O. Ajamu and J.A. Ige
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm², 23.41N/mm², 23.66N/mm², and 24.31N/mm² for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm², 4.78N/mm², 4.53N/mm², 4.49N/mm², 4.40N/mm² respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Keywords: Flexural strength, compressive strength, stiffness, aggregate size.

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S.O. Ajamu and J.A. Ige, "Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural Strength of Concrete Beam"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Bayesian Estimation For Modulated Claim Hedging
  Hafedh Faires and Abdelkarim Berkaoui
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The purpose of this paper is to establish a general super hedging formula under a pricing set Q. We will compute the price and the strategies for hedging an European claim and simulate that using different approaches including Dirichlet priors. We study Dirichlet processes centered around the distribution of continuous-time stochastic processes such as a continuous time Markov chain. We assume that the prior distribution of the unobserved Markov chain driving by the drift and volatility parameters of the geometric Brownian motion (GBM) is a Dirichlet process. We propose an estimation method based on Gibbs sampling.

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Hafedh Faires and Abdelkarim Berkaoui, "Bayesian Estimation For Modulated Claim Hedging"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Statistical Evaluation of Wastewater Characteristics at the Inlet – Outlet of an Activated Sludge Process
  Rupali A. J, B. S. Soumya, R. P. Thanedar
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Effluent to Influent concentration ratios for BOD, COD, TSS and Food-to-Microorganisms (F/M) ratio are measure of treatment plant efficiency. Daily observed inlet and outlet concentrations at ASP in a plant are plotted as time series for Pre-monsoon (January – May) and Post-monsoon (July – December, 2013) period. BOD vs TSS and BOD vs COD indicated that inlet concentrations are ~ 80 % reduced in treatment process. Correlation matrix indicated strong correlationbetween COD and TSS of post-monsoon raw sewage, while weak correlation among the rest. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis (FA) are used to characterize wastewater at the inlet and outlet of ASP. PCA & FA clustered wastewater quality parameters into strongly correlated groups - pH, COD and BOD as PC1 in pre-monsoon raw sewage while, DO and F/M_averageas PC1 in post-monsoon raw sewage. All parameters (pH, TSS, COD, BOD, O&G) of treated effluent in pre-monsoon period are grouped into PC1. In post-monsoon period, for treated effluent, pH, DO, TSS and F/M_averageare clustered as PC1. Effluent BOD, COD and TSS are dependent variables with F/M_average as independent variable for regression analysis. Regression fits developed with 2013 data for these effluent concentrations fit well with field samples (December 2013 – March 2014) and with routine monitored data (January – March, 2014), thus, validating the model. Effluent concentrations indicated 80 – 95% of removal efficiency. Thus, F/M_average ratios obtained from regression fit can further be considered as design parameters for efficient functioning of ASP and can be used to design the inflow and outflow characteristics for any treatment plant with similar process conditions.
Keywords: Principle Component Analysis (PCA), Factor Analysis (FA), Activated Sludge Process (ASP), Regression, F/M Ratio

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Rupali A. J, B. S. Soumya, R. P. Thanedar, "Statistical Evaluation of Wastewater Characteristics at the Inlet – Outlet of an Activated Sludge Process"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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Version-5

• Detecting Irregularities in the Shape of Coloured Bottle
  Harshal Patel, Viraj Varde, Sarmit Patel, Jyorji Patel, Namrata Patel, Bhumika Patel
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Digital image processing is used for various purposes like image enhancement, compression of images. Uncompressed image needs more storage capacity. So the images are compressed. In this research paper we aim to detect the irregularities in the shape of bottle. This paper is to review and study of the different methods of object detection. It includes many methods for the shape recognition. This paper discuss the methods like Robert operator, Sobel Operator, Laplacian and Fourier Descriptor. As we have gone through many research papers it was of mostly detecting mangoes, flower, leaf, face, etc but none was for detecting bottle shape recognition. We also compared accuracy and limitations of these methods and from all the methods we found the best result for fourier descriptor for shape recognition.
Keywords: Robert, Sobel, Laplacian, Fourier

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Harshal Patel, Viraj Varde, Sarmit Patel, Jyorji Patel, Namrata Patel, Bhumika Patel, "Detecting Irregularities in the Shape of Coloured Bottle"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Integrated ERT and Magnetic Surveys in a Mineralization Zone in Erkowit - Red Sea State - Sudan
  K.M. Kheiralla, M.A. Mohamed-Ali, M.Y.Abdelgalil, N.E. Mohamed, G.Boutsis
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The present study focus on integrated geophysical surveys carried out in the mineralization zone in Erkowit region, Eastern Sudan to determine the extensions of the potential ore deposits on the topographically high hilly area and under the cover of alluvium along the nearby wadi and to locate other occurrences if any. The magnetic method (MAG) and the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were employed for the survey. Eleven traverses were aligned approximately at right angles to the general strike of the rock formations. The disseminated sulfides are located on the alteration shear zone which is composed of granitic and dioritic highly ferruginated rock occupying the southwestern and central parts of the area, this was confirmed using thin and polished sections mineralogical analysis. The magnetic data indicates low magnetic values for wadi sedimentary deposits in its southern part of the area, and high anomalies which are suspected as gossans due to magnetite formed during wall rock alteration consequent to mineralization. The significant ERT imagesdefinelow resistivity zone as traced as sheared zones which may associated with the main loci of ore deposition. The study designates that correlation of magnetic and ERT anomalies with lithology are extremely useful in mineral exploration due to variations in some specific physical properties of rocks.
Keywords: ERT, Magnetic, Mineralization, Red Sea, Sudan

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K.M. Kheiralla, M.A. Mohamed-Ali, M.Y.Abdelgalil, N.E. Mohamed, G.Boutsis, "Integrated ERT and Magnetic Surveys in a Mineralization Zone in Erkowit - Red Sea State – Sudan"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Solar-Photo-Mechanical Proofing Machine That Uses The Diazo Dry Process
  Manukaji John U
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The development of a Solar- Photo-Mechanical Proofing Machine has been presented in this paper. Based on the fabrication and operational principles, the device is cheaper to operate, since an energy for its operation is sourced freely from the sun. It is envisaged that the machine will find wide applications in rural areas lacking electricity supplies due to the fact that the copies produced compared favourably with those printed with the conventional machine.

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Manukaji John U, "Solar-Photo-Mechanical Proofing Machine That Uses The Diazo Dry Process" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Development of a Solar Fresnel Reflector and Its Tracking Stand Using Local Material
  Manukaji John
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Solar collectors are the engines that drive all solar energy heating systems. Although solar heating collectors have settled upon a few basic designs, they are still manufactured in an array of configurations.Solar collectors are generally classified by the temperatures that can be produced under normal amounts of solar radiation. The collector's end-use application can be determined by their temperature classification such as Low-temperature collectors, Medium-temperature collectors and High-temperature concentrators that track the sun and produces the highest temperatures.Reflectorsthat are axially symmetrical and shaped like a parabola, has the property of bringing parallel rays of light (such as sunlight) to a pointfocus and so any object that is located at its focus receives highly concentrated sunlight, and therefore becomes very hot. This is the basis for the use of this kind of reflector for high solar energy generation. Energy supply for domestic activities had been a major problem faced by both rural and city dwellers for a long time now in Africa. It was therefore desirable to design and construct a solar Fresnel reflector and a tracking stand that can be used to generate heat from the sun for cooking, baking and distillation purposes. The reflector and the tracking stand designed and constructed was able to concentrate solar energy within a regional diameter of 10cm and could be used to raise the temperature of any object placed at its focal region. It was discovered that the heat generated is directly proportional to both the perfection of the collector design, its construction, the quality of the reflectors e.g plain mirror, the area exposed to the sun and the solar intensity of the day.

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Manukaji John, "Development of a Solar Fresnel Reflector and Its Tracking Stand Using Local Material"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Fully Homomorphic Encryption Using Low Power Multiplier
  V. Santhosh kumar, R. Mohan
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The design of a power and area efficient high speed 768 000-bit multiplier based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) multiplication for fully homomorphic encryption operations. Memory based in-place architecture is presented for the FFT processor that performs 64 000-point finite-field FFT operations using a radix-16 computing unit and 16 dual-port SRAMs. By adopting a special prime as the base of the finite field, the radix-16 calculations are simplified to requiring only additions and shift operations. A two-stage carry-look-ahead scheme is employed to resolve carries and obtain the multiplication result. The multiplier design is validated by comparing its results with the GNU Multiple Precision (GMP) arithmetic library. The proposed design has been synthesized using 90-nm process technology with an estimated die area of 45.3 mm2. At 200 MHz, the large-number multiplier offers roughly twice the performance of a previous implementation on an NVIDIA C2050 graphics processor unit and is 29 times faster than the Xeon X5650 CPU, while at the same time consuming a modest 0.97 W.
keyword— Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), large-number multiplication, VLSI design.

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V. Santhosh kumar, R. Mohan, "Fully Homomorphic Encryption Using Low Power Multiplier" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Comparative Evaluation Of Reinforced Concrete, Steel And Composite Structures Under The Effect Of Static And Dynamic Loads
  Zafar Mujawar, Prakarsh Sangave
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Steel-concrete composite construction has gained wide acceptance all over the world as an alternative for pure steel and pure concrete construction. However this approach is a new concept for construction industry. R.C.C are no longer economical because of their increased dead load, hazardous formwork. The present study deals with comparison of reinforced concrete, steel and composite structures under the effect of static and dynamic loads. The results of this work show that composite structures are best suited for high rise buildings compared to that of steel and reinforced concrete structures. Response spectrum method is used for comparison of three structures with the help of ETABS software.
keyword— Bare frame, Base shear, Displacement and Inter-storey drift.

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Zafar Mujawar, Prakarsh Sangave, "Comparative Evaluation Of Reinforced Concrete, Steel And Composite Structures Under The Effect Of Static And Dynamic Loads"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• An Overview of Adaptive Approaches in Flight Control
  Y. Rajeshwari, V. Rajeswari
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Multi-mode switching between controllers corresponding to different modes of operation is needed in those cases when the transition from one mode to another results in substantial flight-critical variations in the aircraft dynamics. To address this problem, a general framework for multi-modal flight control is proposed. The framework is based on the Multiple Models, Switching and Tuning (MMST) methodology, combined with Model-Predictive Control (MPC), and the use of different robust mechanisms for switching between the multi-modal controllers. It was shown that many different switching control strategies can be naturally derived from the basic framework, which demonstrates the generality of the proposed approach.
Keywords: MMST, MPC, Mode prediction, Flight control, Switching, Optimization

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Y. Rajeshwari, V. Rajeswari, "An Overview of Adaptive Approaches in Flight Control"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Flow over an Erodible Broad Crested Weir
  Dr. K. C.Sahu, Dr. P. K. Das, Dr. T. Gangadharaiah
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The overtopping flow of water over an earthen embankment causes erosion of soil from its surfaces and the eroded surface of the embankment acts as a Broad crest weir. But the longitudinal profile of the weir goes on changing with time of erosion. Hence crest height of the weir goes changing in accelerated flow condition. In this paper, the discharge equation for this type of flow situation is established for different types of soils in the embankment. Then, the experiments have been carried out as the analogous rigid beds of the captured eroded profiles at any time of erosion of the broad crested weir to compare the discharge equation and to study the energy loss in dislodging the soil from the surface of the weir and transporting them down stream.
Key words: Breach Flow (Q_w), head of water over the crest (h_u), crest height (h_cm).

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Dr. K. C.Sahu, Dr. P. K. Das, Dr. T. Gangadharaiah, "Flow over an Erodible Broad Crested Weir"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com


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• A 12-Bit High Speed Analog To Digital Convertor Using μp 8085
  Gururaj Balikatti, Prabhavathi. V, Poojitha. M, Priyanka. K, Thaseena Banu
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The need constantly exists for converters with higher resolution, faster conversion speeds and lower power dissipation. High-speed analog to digital converters (ADC's) have been based on flash architecture, because all comparators sample the analog input voltage simultaneously, this ADC is thus inherently fast. Unfortunately, flash ADC requires 2^N - 1 comparators to convert N bit digital code from an analog sample. This makes flash ADC's unsuitable for high-resolution applications. This paper demonstrates a simple technique to enhance resolution of flash ADC's that require as few as 256 comparators for 12-bit conversion. In this approach, the analog input range is partitioned into 256 quantization cells, separated by 255 boundary points. An 8-bit binary code 00000000 to 11111111 is assigned to each cell. A 12-bit flash converter requires 4096 comparators, while proposed technique reduces number of comparator requirements to only 256 for 12- bit conversion. Therefore, this technique is best suitable when high speed combined with high resolution is required. Result of 12-bit prototype is presented.
Key words: Flash ADC, μP, DAC, Sample and Hold. Successive approximation.

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Gururaj Balikatti, Prabhavathi. V, Poojitha. M, Priyanka. K, Thaseena Banu, "A 12-Bit High Speed Analog To Digital Convertor Using μp 8085"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Spectroscopic Studies on Cu2+: B2O3 - Cdo - Pbo - AlF3 Glass
  K. Nagamuni Reddy, B. Sudhakar Reddy
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper reports on the preparation and optical characterization of Cu²⁺ (0.5 mol %): (49.5)B₂O₃ - 10PbO - 30CdO -10AlF₃ (BPCA)glasses. Due to the homogeneous distribution of Cu²⁺ ions, the glasses are found to be in bright blue color has been noticed. From the XRD profile, amorphous nature the glass has been studied. Triogonal BO₃ units transformed into tetrahedral BO₄ units has evidenced from the FTIR spectrum of reference glass. From the measured absorption spectrum of the copper glass exhibits broad absorption band (²B_1g→²B_1g) at 760 nm have been measured. Emission spectrum of Cu²⁺ (0.5 mol %): B₂O₃- CdO – PbO - AlF₃ glass has revealed a blue emission at 447 nm with an excitation wavelength 389 nm.
Keywords: absorption, Cu²⁺ : glass, emission, excitation, XRD

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K. Nagamuni Reddy, B. Sudhakar Reddy, "Spectroscopic Studies on Cu2+: B2O3 - Cdo - Pbo - AlF3 Glass"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Improved Error Detection and Data Recovery Architecture for Motion Estimation Testing Applications
  K.Sarada, Modukuri Kishore Babu
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Given the critical role of motion estimation (ME) in a video coder, testing such a module is of priority concern. While focusing on the testing of ME in a video coding system, this work presents an error detection and data recovery (EDDR) design, based on the proposed residue-and-quotient (RQ) code, to embed into ME for video coding testing applications. An error in processing elements (PEs), i.e. key components of a ME, can be detected and recovered effectively by using the proposed EDDR design. Experimental results indicate that the proposed EDDR design for ME testing can detect errors and recover data with an acceptable area overhead and timing penalty. Importantly, the proposed EDDR design performs satisfactorily in terms of throughput and reliability for ME testing applications.
Keywords: Area overhead, data recovery, error detection, motion estimation, reliability, proposed residue-and-quotient (RQ) code.

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K.Sarada, Modukuri Kishore Babu. "Improved Error Detection and Data Recovery Architecture for Motion Estimation Testing Applications"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Sentiment Analysis Using Hybrid Approach: A Survey
  Chauhan Ashish P, Dr. K. M. Patel
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Sentiment analysis is the process of identifying people's attitude and emotional state's from language. The main objective is realized by identifying a set of potential features in the review and extracting opinion expressions about those features by exploiting their associations. Opinion mining, also known as Sentiment analysis, plays an important role in this process. It is the study of emotions i.e. Sentiments, Expressions that are stated in natural language. Natural language techniques are applied to extract emotions from unstructured data. There are several techniques which can be used to analysis such type of data. Here, we are categorizing these techniques broadly as "supervised learning", "unsupervised learning" and "hybrid techniques". The objective of this paper is to provide the overview of Sentiment Analysis, their challenges and a comparative analysis of it's techniques in the field of Natural Language Processing.
Keywords: Sentiment Analysis, opining mining, SVM (Support Vector Machine), Rainforest, Hybrid Approach

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Chauhan Ashish P, Dr. K. M. Patel, "Sentiment Analysis Using Hybrid Approach: A Survey"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Survey on Krishi-Mitra: Expert System for Farmers
  Prachi Sawant, Aarti Thorat, Arti Mhaske, Samruddhi Ghanwat, Mrs. M. A. Shaikh
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

In agricultural sector, farmers in rural areas faced major problems because of illiteracy. They cannot take the advantage of internet to access the information related to farming. The information represented in icons will help the farmers to take the important decisions. Also there will be additional benefit to farmer as there is speech based interaction in Indian language with icons. According to UNESCO report, 64% population in India cannot use the internet due to lack of technical knowledge. Here, we are extending the approach from computer devices to small mobile devices application.
Keywords: Icons, Agriculture, Farming, Languages, speech.

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Prachi Sawant, Aarti Thorat, Arti Mhaske, Samruddhi Ghanwat, Mrs. M. A. Shaikh, "Survey on Krishi-Mitra: Expert System for Farmers"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Face Detection in Digital Image: A Technical Review
  Devang C. Prajapati, Disha P. Vanani, Krushna H. Tandel, Khushbu R. Patel, Nigha P. Bambhroliya, Puja H. Kadam
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Face detection is the method of focusing faces in input image is an important part of any face processing system. In Face detection, segmentation plays the major role to detect the face. There are many contests for effective and efficient face detection. The aim of this paper is to present a review on several algorithms and methods used for face detection. We read the various surveys and related various techniques according to how they extract features and what learning algorithms are adopted for. Face detection system has two major phases, first to segment skin region from an image and second to decide these regions cover human face or not. There are number of algorithms used in face detection namely Genetic, Hausdorff Distance etc.
Keywords: Face detection, Face Localization, Edge detection, Segmentation

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Devang C. Prajapati, Disha P. Vanani, Krushna H. Tandel, Khushbu R. Patel, Nigha P. Bambhroliya, Puja H. Kadam, "Face Detection in Digital Image: A Technical Review"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A Survey on Threats and Security schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks
  P.P.Joby, Dr.P.Sengottuvelan
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

It is difficult to achieve and become particularly acute in wireless sensor networks due to the limitation in network capability, computational power and memory which do not allow for implementation of complex security mechanism because security being vital to the acceptance and use of wireless sensor networks for many applications. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless sensor networks and analyzed them. This paper is an attempt to survey and analyze the threats to the wireless sensor networks and focus on the type of attacks and achieve secure communication in wireless sensor networks.
Keyword: Wireless sensor Networks, WSN, Security, Threats, Authentication, Confidentiality

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P.P.Joby, Dr.P.Sengottuvelan, "A Survey on Threats and Security schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Comparative Analysis and Simulation of Diode Clamped & Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter using SPWM Technique
  Mohit Jain, Anuradha Singh, Suman Singh
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Multilevel inverters have become more popular over the years in high power medium voltage applications without the use of a transformer and with promise of less disturbance & reduced harmonic distortion. In this paper, two types of multilevel converter in three phase configuration, cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter (CMLI) and diode clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI) of 5 and 7-level are modelled and compared in the case of feeding of a three phase squirrel cage induction motor. Here, carrier based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used as the modulation strategy. These modulation strategy include phase disposition technique (PD), phase opposition disposition technique (POD), and an alternative phase opposition disposition technique (APOD). A detailed study of the modulation technique has been carried out through MATLAB/SIMULINK for both multilevel converters and a comparative evaluation between DCMLI and CMLI using SPWM technique in terms of THD%.
Keyword: Cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter (CMLI), Diode clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI), MATLAB/SIMULINK, Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique, Total harmonic distortion (THD).

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Mohit Jain, Anuradha Singh, Suman Singh, "Comparative Analysis and Simulation of Diode Clamped & Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter using SPWM Technique"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Multiple Crop Classification Using Various Support Vector Machine Kernel Functions
  Rupali R. Surase, Karbhari V. Kale
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This study was carried out with techniques of Remote Sensing (RS) based crop discrimination and area estimation with single date approach. Several kernel functions are employed and compared in this study for mapping the input space with including linear, sigmoid, and polynomial and Radial Basis Function (RBF). The present study highlights the advantages of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for analyzing the land use/land cover mapping for Aurangabad region of Maharashtra, India. Single date, cloud free IRS-Resourcesat-1 LISS-III data was used for further classification on training set for supervised classification. ENVI 4.4 is used for image analysis and interpretation. The experimental tests show that system is achieved 94.82% using SVM with kernel functions including Polynomial kernel function compared with Radial Basis Function, Sigmoid and linear kernel. The Overall Accuracy (OA) to up to 5.17% in comparison to using sigmoid kernel function, and up to 3.45% in comparison to a 3rd degree polynomial kernel function and RBF with 200 as a penalty parameter.
Keyword: Supervised Classification; Ground Control Points; Kernel functions; Crop Classification;

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Rupali R. Surase, Karbhari V. Kale, "Multiple Crop Classification Using Various Support Vector Machine Kernel Functions"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Transforming an Existing Distribution Network Into Autonomous MICRO-GRID using particle swarm optimization (Review)
  Vishal Ramesh Zambre, Ajit P Chaudhari, Girish K Mahajan
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

A distribution network with renewable and fossil-based resources can be operated as a micro-grid, in autonomous or nonautonomous modes. Autonomous operation of a distribution network requires cautious planning. In this context, a detailed methodology to develop a sustainable autonomous micro-grid is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology suggests novel sizing and siting strategies for distributed generators and structural modifications for autonomous micro-grids. This paper introduces the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the optimal network reconfiguration problem for power loss reduction. The PSO is a relatively new and powerful intelligence evolution method for solving optimization problems. It is a population-based approach. The PSO was inspired from natural behavior of the bees on how they find the location of most flowers. The proposed PSO algorithm is introduced with some modifications such as using an inertia weight that decreases linearly during the simulation. This setting allows the PSO to explore a large area at the start of the simulation.
Keyword: Distributed power generation, load flow, power generation planning. microgrid, distributed generation (DG), siting and sizing, reliability. particle swarm optimization, Systems Reconfiguration, Power Loss Reduction.

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Vishal Ramesh Zambre, Ajit P Chaudhari, Girish K Mahajan, "Transforming an Existing Distribution Network Into Autonomous MICRO-GRID using particle swarm optimization (Review)"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Review: "Implementation of Feedforward and Feedback Neural Network for Signal Processing Using Analog VLSI Technology"
  Miss. Rachana R. Patil, Mr. Dinkar L. Bhombe
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Main focus of project is on implementation of Neural Network Architecture (NNA) with on chip learning on Analog VLSI Technology for signal processing application. In the proposed paper the analog components like Gilbert Cell Multiplier (GCM), Neuron Activation Function (NAF) are used to implement artificial NNA. Analog components used comprises of multiplier, adder and tan sigmoidal function circuit using MOS transistor. This Neural Architecture is trained using Back Propagation (BP) Algorithm in analog domain with new techniques of weight storage. Layout design and verification of above design is carried out using VLSI Backend Microwind 3.1 software Tool. The technology used to design layout is 32 nm CMOS Technology.
Keyword: Analog VLSI Technology, Back Propagation Algorithm, Gilbert Cell Multiplier, Neural Network Architecture, Neuron Activation Function

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Miss. Rachana R. Patil, Mr. Dinkar L. Bhombe, "Review: "Implementation of Feedforward and Feedback Neural Network for Signal Processing Using Analog VLSI Technology""Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• An Optical Character Recognition for Handwritten Devanagari Script
  Trupti R. Zalke, Vasant N. Bhonge
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Optical Character Recognition is process of recognition of character from scanned document and lots of OCR now available in the market. But most of these systems work for Roman, Chinese, Japanese and Arabic characters . There are no sufficient number of work on Indian language script like Devanagari so this paper present a review on optical character recognition on handwritten Devanagari script.
Keyword: Feature Extraction, Handwritten Document, OCR, Preprocessing, Segmentation

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Trupti R. Zalke, Vasant N. Bhonge, "An Optical Character Recognition for Handwritten Devanagari Script"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Sea Level Changes as recorded in nature itself
  Nils-Axel Mörner
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The science of sea level changes is quite multi-facetted. The level of the oceans is always changing, both vertically and horizontally. We have documented these changes quite carefully. After the last glaciation maximum, sea level has risen in the order of 120 m. This rise has been oscillatory. We can set frames on the maximum rate of a sea level rise; at the most rapid ice-melting after the Last Ice Age, sea level rose at about 10 ±1 mm/yr. The thermal expansion of water is, of course, a function of the water column heated; hence the effect is zero at the shore where there is no water to expand. The claim by the IPCC on a present sea level rise is greatly exaggerated. Coastal tide gauges give relative rates in the order of 0-2 mm/yr. The value of the absolute rise in sea level varies between 0.0 and 1.1 mm/yr. There are firm reasons to downgrade, even neglect, the fear of a disastrous coastal flooding in the present century.
Keyword: Sea level changes, oscillations, absolute sea level, no disastrous flooding.

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Nils-Axel Mörner, "Sea Level Changes as recorded in nature itself"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Speed Control of Induction Motor by Using Intelligence Techniques
  S. Riaz Ahamed, J. N. Chandra Sekhar, Dinakara Prasad Reddy P
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper gives the comparative study among various techniques used to control the speed of three phase induction motor. In this paper, indirect vector method is used to control the speed of Induction motor. Firstly Simulink Model is developed by using MATLAB/ Simulink software. PI controller, Fuzzy PI Hybrid controller, Genetic Algorithm (GA) are the techniques involved in control Induction motor and the results are compared. By converting three phase supply currents coming from stator to Flux and Torque components of current the speed responses such as rise time, overshoot, settling time and speed regulation at load have been observed and compared among the techniques. The PI controller parameters defined by an objective function are calculated by using Genetic Algorithms presented good performance compared to Fuzzy PI Hybrid controller which has parameters chosen by the human operator.
Keyword: Induction Motor, PI Controller, Fuzzy PI Hybrid Controller, Indirect Vector control, Genetic Algorithm

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S. Riaz Ahamed, J. N. Chandra Sekhar, Dinakara Prasad Reddy P, "Speed Control of Induction Motor by Using Intelligence Techniques"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

• Improving Operability of Lab-Scale Spouted Bed Using Global Stochastic Optimization
  Ghanim.M. Alwan
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The present work is a part of scale-up methodology in the Multi-phase and Multi-scale processes Laboratory (MMPL) of Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Missouri University of Science and Technology, MO, USA. A spouted bed is a special case of fluidization. It is an effective means of contacting gas with coarse solid particles .Gas-solid spouted beds are either cylindrical bed with cone base or the whole bed is in a cone shape where the gas enters as a jet. The gas forms a spout region that carries the solids upward in a diluted phase that forms a fountain at the top of the bed where the solids fall down and move downward in the annular region. Performance of gas-solid spouted bed benefit from solids uniformity structure with lower pressure drop (PD).Dropping of PD across the spouted bed could reduce the dissipated pumping energy and improve stability and uniformity of solid particles. Therefore, the focus of this work is to minimize PD across the bed. Hence, PD is to be considered as the objective of the optimization process .Three selected decision variables are affecting objective function. These decision variables are gas velocity, particle density and particle diameter. Steady-state solids concentration measurements were carried out in a narrow 3-inch (0.076 m ID) cylindrical spouted bed made of Plexiglas that used 60° conical shape base. Radial concentration of particles (glass and steel beads) at various bed heights under different flow patterns were measured using sophisticated optical probes. Superficial velocities of air ranging from 0.74 to 1.0 m/s .PD were measured across the bed by high accuracy pressure transducers. Optimization technique is a powerful tool to obtain the desired set of operating conditions. This would guide the experimental work and reduce the risk and cost for design and operation .Stochastic genetic algorithm (GA) has found suitable global search for the non-linear hybrid spouted bed. Optimum results would improve the operation of the bed with high-performance and stable conditions. Uniformity and stability of solid particles would enhance hydrodynamic parameters, heat and mass transfer in the bed. Best Operability was observed with low-density and large size of solid beads and at low gas velocity. Size of solid particles and velocity of gas have been found the sensitive decision variables with PD mutations. Sensitivity of these variables could be increased at unlimited bounds of operating conditions. An advanced control system of sensitive decision variables becomes necessary for stable operability of the spouted bed.
Keyword: Operability; Optimization; Pressure drop; Spouted bed; Solid particles; Stochastic

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Ghanim.M. Alwan, "Improving Operability of Lab-Scale Spouted Bed Using Global Stochastic Optimization"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Investigation on SS316, SS440C, and Titanium Alloy Grade-5 used as Single Point Cutting Tool
  Mr.Kothakota Suresh Kumar, Mr. Amaresh Kumar Dhadange, Dr.H.G.Hanumantharaju, Mr. Monish G, Mr. Sridhar S M
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The main objective of this work is to find alternative materials for the cutting tools used in turning operations. The conventional materials like tungsten carbide(WC), titanium carbide(TiC), cubic boron nitride (CBN) and diamond used as cutting tools for turning operations on lathe are expensive. Titanium grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V), SS440C/AISI440C and SS316 are some of the materials which satisfy the necessary requirements for turning metals and polymer materials. These materials are machined as per the standard tool signature of high-speed steel tool (HSS) and are subjected to necessary heat treatment for hardening and then finish ground. The machined tools thus prepared were used to turn mild steel and aluminium workpieces. The cutting forces at play are determined using lathe tool dynamometer and plotted on a MCD (Merchant's Circle Diagram). The cutting tools are also subjected to tests to determine tool life, wear and work hardening. It is found that the performance and tool life of SS440C is better and cost effective compared to existing tools. Even though Ti-6Al-4V is comparatively costly it could be used for obtaining good surface finish..
Keywords: Cutting forces, surface finish, Titanium grade 5, tool life, wear

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Mr.Kothakota Suresh Kumar, Mr. Amaresh Kumar Dhadange, Dr.H.G.Hanumantharaju, Mr. Monish G, Mr. Sridhar S M , "Investigation on SS316, SS440C, and Titanium Alloy Grade-5 used as Single Point Cutting Tool"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Why Mimo Dual Circular Polarisation Multiple Access Technique to Increase Satellite Channel Capacity
  Suresh Kumar Jindal
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

All multiple access techniques (like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and combination thereof) are used to share the common node (satellite) for multiple users which are widely spread over a distance of thousands of rule or so. All these techniques have their own specific application, but none of the technique can increase the channel capacity dictated by Shannon Hartley Law. But MIMO is one such spatial division multiple access (SDMS) technique which increases channel capacity due to the fact that many parallel stream are transmitted from physically separate antenna and similarly there are many separate corresponding receive antennas. This not at present feasibly at satellites due to constraint of volume, weight & large physical size of many antennas to be used on Board Satellite. To counter this, dual circular polarisation is one technique which can be employed by using one antenna with a little more complicated feed on board satellite. By experiments it is found that a gain of 2-3 db can be achieved by using Dual circular Polarised Transmission & reception. This gain can be utilised either to increase link reliability or for increased data rate etc.
Keywords: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, MIMO, channel capacity, Array gain.

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Suresh Kumar Jindal, "Why Mimo Dual Circular Polarisation Multiple Access Technique to Increase Satellite Channel Capacity"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Theoretical Convective Heat Transfer Model Developement of Cold Storage Using Taguchi Analysis
  Dr.N.Mukhopadhyay, Suman Debnath
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Energy crisis is one of the most important problems the world is facing now-a-days. With the increase of cost of electrical energy operating cost of cold storage storing is increasing which forces the increased cost price of the commodities that are kept. In this situation if the maximum heat energy(Q) is absorbed by the evaporator inside the cold room through convective heat transfer process in terms of –heat transfer due to convection and heat transfer due to condensation, more energy has to be wasted to maintain the evaporator space at the desired temperature range of 2- 8 degree centigrade. In this paper we have proposed a theoretical heat transfermodel of convective heat transfer incold storage using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Velocity of air(V), Temperature difference(dT), RelativeHumidity(RH)are the basic variable and three ranges are taken each of them in the model development. Graphical interpretations from the model justifies the reality
Keywords: cold storage, convective heat transfer model, heat absorbed by evaporator, Taguchi Analysis.

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Dr.N.Mukhopadhyay, Suman Debnath, "Theoretical Convective Heat Transfer Model Developement of Cold Storage Using Taguchi Analysis" Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by Nonviable Biomass –A Review
  Priyanka V. Patel, Prof. Mehali J. Mehta, Dr. Sanjay Parekh
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The present paper is a review paper on use of viable biomass of Industrial waste water treatment. there are many industry that use that latest technology such as the use of synthetic dyes for textile. However, a variety of synthetic dyestuff released by the textile industry has been posing a threat to the safety of the environment due the presence of a large number of toxic contaminants such as organic waste, acids, bases and organic pollutants. Therefore, the government began to control the pollution created by the industry to tighten the re gulation and enforcement by forcing the industry to treat waste before discharge to the environment. There are many methods have been used to treat this waste. However, it requires a treatment that really works not only at low cost with require minimal or no pre-treatment at all, but it must also be environmentally friendly, minimum sludge production and cleaner. This study used biological method to explore the usability of the microorganisms i.e. bacteria, Lactobacil lusde lbruckii for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. The ability of microorganism to decolorize and metabolise dyes has long been also the use of bioremediation based technology for treating textile waste water has attracted interest. The effects of different parameters such as pH, temperature and initial dye concentration were studied and the effectiveness of this method to remove the dye solution was determined by measuring the percentage of color removal
keyword— Aspergillus, fumigates, decolourization, textile effluent

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Priyanka V. Patel, Prof. Mehali J. Mehta, Dr. Sanjay Parekh, "Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by Nonviable Biomass –A Review"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Color Based Authentication Scheme for Publically Disclosable Entities
  A. S. Syed Shahul Hameed
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

Traditional password authentication system are not strong enough to cope up with the current age of cyber-crime. It's high time that new password authentication schemes are explored and studied. This paper aims to provide an authentication system based on color recognition which would provide a way to encrypt both the username and password. The Color based authentication system would provide an efficient way to encrypt account details for sensitive applications like defense and banking.
keyword— Authentication, Encryption, Security, Color.

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A. S. Syed Shahul Hameed, "Color Based Authentication Scheme for Publically Disclosable Entities"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Employing of novel poly (amine-ester) with Pentaerithritol core as a new polymeric admixture for cement
  Amal Amin Ibrahima, A. E. Abdel-Megiedb, M. S. Selimc, H. H. Darweeshd, M. M. Ayoub
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

A novel hyperbranched poly (amine-ester) (HBPAE) with a high number of hydroxyl end groups has been prepared and successfully applied as new polymeric admixture for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) after its complete characterization via GPC, IR, 1H-NMR, TGA and DSC. The effect of polymer addition on the cement paste was investigated by measuring the effect of 1, 3 and 5 wt. % HBPAE solutions on the properties of OPC. The results clarified that the addition of HBPAE to OPC pastes decreased the water of consistency while increased the compressive strength with no effect on the chemical composition of the cement phase. The SEM images indicated that the incorporation of HBPAE in cement phase affected the physical state, shape, size, morphology and microstructure of the formed hydrates. Generally, the addition of hyperbranched poly amine-ester (HBPAE) improved the physico-mechanical properties of cement.
keyword— hyperbranched polymers, poly (amine-ester), cement admixtures, physico-mechanical properties, ordinary Portland cement.

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Amal Amin Ibrahima, A. E. Abdel-Megiedb, M. S. Selimc, H. H. Darweeshd, M. M. Ayoub, "Employing of novel poly (amine-ester) with Pentaerithritol core as a new polymeric admixture for cement"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A New Cross Diamond Search Motion Estimation Algorithm for HEVC
  A. Karthikeyan, Dr. Amos H jeeva oli
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

In this project, a novel approach for motion estimation is proposed. There are few block matching algorithm existing for motion estimation. In motion estimation a new cross diamond search algorithm is implemented compared to diamond search it uses less search point. Because of this we can reduce the computational complexity. The performance of the algorithm is compared with other algorithm by means of search points. This algorithm achieves close performance than that of three step search and diamond search. Compared to all the algorithm cross diamond uses less logic elements, delay and power dissipation.
Keywords: Zig-Zagscan, Cross diamond search, Diamond search, Delay.

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A. Karthikeyan, Dr. Amos H jeeva oli,, "A New Cross Diamond Search Motion Estimation Algorithm for HEVC"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Fixed points of contractive and Geraghty contraction mappings under the influence of altering distances
  K. P. R. Sastry, G. V. R. Babu, K. K. M. Sarma and P. H. Krishna
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

In this paper, we prove the existence of fixed points of contractive and Geraghty contraction maps in complete metric spaces under the influence of altering distances. Our results extend and generalize some of the known results.
Key words: Fixed points; Altering distance function; Geraghty contraction.

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K. P. R. Sastry, G. V. R. Babu, K. K. M. Sarma and P. H. Krishna, "Fixed points of contractive and Geraghty contraction mappings under the influence of altering distances"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com


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• A Study of Factors Caused for Time & Cost Overruns in Construction Project & their Remedial Measures
  Mr. Salim S. Mulla, Prof. Ashish P. Waghmare
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The Construction industry is one of the key economic industry in India and is the main motivating force in Indian national economy. But, it suffers from a number of problems that affect time, cost and quality performances. Successful management of construction projects is based on three major factors i.e. time, cost and quality. The successful completion of construction projects within the specified time has become the most valuable and challenging task for the Managers, Architects, Engineers and Contractors. How to achieve this task is a problem, which should be solved. The overall objective of this study is to identify the factors resposinle for overruns in time and cost of the construction project and suggest the suitable remedial solutions. Poor planning, implementation and management are the main reasons for time and cost overruns in construction projects in India. Since most of the reasons are well known and can be controlled if a proper arrangement is made.
Key words: Cost overruns, Construction project, Remedial measures, Time overruns

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Mr. Salim S. Mulla, Prof. Ashish P. Waghmare, "A Study of Factors Caused for Time & Cost Overruns in Construction Project & their Remedial Measures"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Comparative Analysis of Frames with Varying Inertia
  Prerana Nampalli, Prakarsh Sangave
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper presents an elastic seismic response of reinforced concrete frames with 3 variations of heights, i.e. (G+2), (G+4), (G+6) storey models are compared for bare frame and frame with brick infill structures which have been analyzed for gravity as well as seismic forces and their response is studied as the geometric parameters varying from view point of predicting behavior of similar structures subjected to similar loads or load combinations. In this study, two different cases are selected i.e. frames with prismatic members and frames with non-prismatic members. The structural response of various members when geometry changes physically, as in case of linear and parabolic haunches provided beyond the face of columns at beam column joints or step variations as in case of stepped haunches was also studied. Frames have been analyzed statically as well as dynamically using ETABS-9.7.4 software referring IS: 456-2000, IS: 1893 (Part-1)2002 and the results so obtained are grouped into various categories.
Keywords: Non-Prismatic Members, Base Shear, Time Period, Storey Displacement, Seismic Coefficient Method and Response Spectrum Method.

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Prerana Nampalli, Prakarsh Sangave, "Comparative Analysis of Frames with Varying Inertia"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• A Comparative Study of Acoustic Echo Cancellation Algorithms in Sparse Impulse Response
  Meenal Mahajan, Ranjit Kaur
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper aims at studying and comparing the performance of typical sparse algorithms for acoustic echo cancellation. When the echo path is sparse, the conventional Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS) algorithm suffers from slow convergence. Thus, sparse adaptive filtering algorithms were introduced to overcome the convergence problem of adaptive filters in sparse impulse response. To determine the algorithm with best performance in echo cancellers, the comparison between these algorithms based on Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE) and Mean Square Error (MSE) is carried out using MATLAB.
Keywords: Sparse Adaptive algorithms, MATLAB, Echo cancellation, ERLE, MSE

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Meenal Mahajan, Ranjit Kaur, "A Comparative Study of Acoustic Echo Cancellation Algorithms in Sparse Impulse Response"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Seismic Analysis of Structures under Different Soil Conditions
  Ranu R. Akulwar
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

In India, multi-storied buildings are usually constructed due to high cost and scarcity of land. In order to utilize maximum land area, builders and architects generally propose asymmetrical plan configurations. These asymmetrical plan buildings, which are constructed in seismic prone areas, are likely to be damaged during earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which can generate the most destructive forces on structures. Buildings should be made safe for lives by proper design and detailing of structural members in order to have a ductile form of failure. The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the forces, which arises due to Design Basis Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces, which arises due to Maximum Considered Earthquake, with some accepted structural damages but no collapse. This project report comprises of seismic analysis and design of an five-storied R.C. building with asymmetrical plan in different soil conditions. The building is modelled as a 3D space frame with six degrees of freedom at each node using the software SAP2000 v 14. Building is analyzed using Response Spectrum method. The Response Spectra as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 for rocky or hard soil and soft soil is used. Dynamic response of a structure resting on soft soils in particular, may differ substantially in amplitude and frequency content from the response of an identical structure supported on a very stiff soil or rock. However, data on many failure examples of rigid structures resting on flexible soils and intensive analytical studies in recent years have made considerable advances in the field of soil-structure interaction and analytical techniques are now available. This interaction phenomenon is principally affected by the mechanism of energy exchanged between soil and the structure. Considering the soil – structure interaction effect which is mainly due to the fact that buildings with high stiffness on loose soils behave differently. Base shears have shown significant variation with high values for structures resting on loose soils and low values in case of hard rock. This attributes mainly due to more absorbing energy capacity of soils when compared to rock materials.

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Ranu R. Akulwar, "Seismic Analysis of Structures under Different Soil Conditions"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Performance Evaluation of Wormhole Attack In AODV
  Samuel Jacob, D D Ambavade, K T V Talele
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a collection of wireless nodes which interact with each other by sending packets to one another or on behalf of another node, without any central network infrastructure to control data routing. For communication, the nodes cooperatively forward data packets to other nodes in network by using the routing protocol. But, these routing protocols are not secure, thus paving the way for the MANET to be open to malicious attacks. A malicious attack which is commonly observed in MANET environment is wormhole attack. The objective of this work is to analyze the performance parameters of throughput, delay and packet loss in AODV with the existence of wormhole attack. Simulation results have shown that the performance parameters are affected very much when there is an attack due to wormholes.
Keywords: Wormhole, MANET, AODV etc

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Samuel Jacob, D D Ambavade, K T V Talele, "Performance Evaluation of Wormhole Attack In AODV"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Synthetic Waste water through Adsorption
  Ghanshyam
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

The hexavalent chromium maycauseserioushealthproblemsandalsoresultenvironmentaldeterioration. In the present study, the removal of hexavalent chromium from synthetic wastewater using commercially available activated carbon has been carried out under variable experimental conditions. Theexperimentshavebeenperformed for variable pH, contact time and activated carbon dosage.The results show that the removal of hexavalent chromium has greatly been affected by all three parameters. Assessing theresults for higher adsorbent dosages at optimum pH value of 2, it may be deducedthatinaminimumtimeof30minutes,morethan95%chromiumisefficientlyremovedfrom the solution. Hence on the basis of this result it may be suggested that at aminimumtimeofcontactof30-minutesshouldbeprovidedtoobtainremovalpercentagesofgreaterthan85%.Theadsorptiondataobtainedexperimentallyhasbeenanalyzedusingtwoadsorptionisotherm methods which include Langmuir and Freundlich at varied conditions of pH which show better fitting isotherm models..
Keywords: hexavalent chromium, synthetic wastewater, activated carbon, adsorption

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Ghanshyam "Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Synthetic Waste water through Adsorption"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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• Application of the Optimum Coagulant for Cost Effective Waste Water Treatment
  K Vinutha
  [Abstract] [PDF] [Cite]

Abstract:

This paper discusses the possible use of the sludge produced in the raw water treatment plant in the wastewater treatment process. The sludge contains some amount of the aluminum ions required for coagulation. If the BOD of the waste water is reduced considerably in the primary treatment plant through coagulation and sedimentation, then it will be possible to reduce the operation cost of the waste water treatment plants by the reduction of the power consumption. The application of the raw water sludge also helps in reduction of the phosphate content. This will in turn help in reducing the eutrophication of the receiving surface water bodies. In this paper, the effect of increasing the dose of alum sludge on the BOD reduction of the waste water is the primary sedimentation tank is studied. The experiments were carried out using coagulant alum solution and Chemical sludge simultaneously and the results obtained were found to be effective in treatment of waste water..
Keywords: wastewater, treatment, BOD, Raw water Sludge, phosphate

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K Vinutha "Application of the Optimum Coagulant for Cost Effective Waste Water Treatment"Vol. 5 - Issue 1 (January - 2015), International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , ISSN: 2248-9622 , www.ijera.com

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